Application Of Gis In Civil Engineering Final 5p6v4x
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Application of GIS in Civil Engineering
CONTENTS:-
1. WHAT IS GIS?
1
2. NEED OF GIS
1
3. COMPONENTS OF GIS
1
4. GIS DATA MODELS
3
5. ADVANTAGE OF GIS
4-5
6. GIS APPLICATION
6-9
7. GIS FOR CIVIL ENGINEERS
10-21
8. CONCLUSION
Dept. of Civil Engineering, JNNCE, Shivamogga
22
0
Application of GIS in Civil Engineering
What is GIS? GIS is a” powerful set of tools for collecting, storing, retrieving at will, transforming and displaying spatial data from the real world for a particular set of purposes.”
Need of GIS? Many professionals, such as foresters, urban planners, and geologists, have recognized the importance of spatial dimensions in organizing & analyzing information. Whether a discipline is concerned with the very practical aspects of business, or is concerned with purely academic research, geographic information system can introduce a perspective, which can provide valuable insights as 70% of the information has geographic location as its denominator making spatial analysis an essential tool. Ability to assimilate divergent sources of data both spatial and non-spatial (attribute data). Visualization Impact Analytical Capability Sharing of Information
Components of GIS GIS constitutes of five key components:
Hardware
Software
Data
People
Method
Dept. of Civil Engineering, JNNCE, Shivamogga
1
Application of GIS in Civil Engineering
Hardware Hardware is the computer system on which a GIS operates. Today, GIS software runs on a wide range of hardware types, from centralized computer servers to desktop computers used in stand-alone or networked configurations.
Software
GIS software provides the functions and tools needed to store, analyze, and display geographic information example: GIS software’s in use are MapInfo, ARC/Info, AutoCAD Map, etc.
Data Perhaps the most important component of a GIS is the data. Geographic data and related tabular data can be collected in-house, compiled to custom specifications and requirements, or occasionally purchased from a commercial data provider. A GIS can integrate spatial data with other existing data resources, often stored in a corporate DBMS. The integration of spatial data (often proprietary to the GIS software), and tabular data stored in a DBMS is a key functionality afforded by GIS.
Dept. of Civil Engineering, JNNCE, Shivamogga
2
Application of GIS in Civil Engineering
People GIS technology is of limited value without the people who manage the system and develop plans for applying it to real world problems. GIS s range from technical specialists who design and maintain the system to those who use it to help them perform their everyday work. The identification of GIS specialists versus end s is often critical to the proper implementation of GIS technology.
Methods A successful GIS operates according to a well-designed implementation plan and business rules, which are the models and operating practices unique to each organization. As in all organizations dealing with sophisticated technology, new tools can only be used effectively if they are properly integrated into the entire business strategy and operation. To do this properly requires not only the necessary investments in hardware and software, but also in the retraining and/or hiring of personnel to utilize the new technology in the proper organizational context.
GIS Data Models A GIS stores information about the world as a collection of thematic layers that can be linked together by geography. This simple but extremely powerful and versatile concept has proven invaluable for solving many real-world problems from tracking delivery vehicles, to recording details of planning applications, to modeling global atmospheric circulation. The thematic layer approach allows us to organize the complexity of the real world into a simple representation to help facilitate our understanding of natural relationships.
Dept. of Civil Engineering, JNNCE, Shivamogga
3
Application of GIS in Civil Engineering
area is divided into cells identified by row and column. This data structure is commonly called raster. While the term raster implies a regularly spaced grid other tessellated data
Advantages of GIS The Geographic Information System has been an effective tool for implementation and monitoring of municipal infrastructure. The use of GIS has been in vogue primarily due to the advantage mentioned below:
Planning of project
Make better decisions
Visual Analysis
Improve Organizational Integration
Planning Of Project Advantage of GIS is often found in detailed planning of project having a large spatial component, where analysis of the problem is a pre requisite at the start of the project. Thematic maps generation is possible on one or more than one base maps, example: the generation of a land use map on the basis of a soil composition, vegetation and topography. The unique combination of certain features facilitates the creation of such
Dept. of Civil Engineering, JNNCE, Shivamogga
4
Application of GIS in Civil Engineering thematic maps. With the various modules within GIS it is possible to calculate surface, length, width and distance.
Making Decisions The adage "better information leads to better decisions" is as true for GIS as it is for other information systems. A GIS, however, is not an automated decision making system but a tool to query, analyze, and map data in of the decision making process. GIS technology has been used to assist in tasks such as presenting information at planning inquiries, helping resolve territorial disputes and to minimize visual intrusion.
Visual Analysis Digital Terrain Modeling (DTM) is an important utility of GIS. Using DTM/3D modeling, landscape can be better visualized, leading to a better understanding of certain relations in the landscape. Many relevant calculations, such as (potential) lakes and water volumes, soil erosion volume (Example: landslides), quantities of earth to be moved (channels, dams, roads, embankments, land leveling) and hydrological modeling becomes easier. Not only in the previously mentioned fields but also in the social sciences GIS can prove extremely useful. Besides the process of formulating scenarios for an Environmental Impact Assessment, GIS can be a valuable tool for sociologists to analyze istrative data such as population distribution, market localization and other related features.
Improving Organizational Integration
Many organizations that have implemented a GIS have found that one of its main benefits is improved management of their own organization and resources. Because GIS has the ability to link data sets together by geography, it facilitates interdepartmental information sharing and communication. By creating a shared database one department can benefit from the work of another--data can be collected once and used many times. As communication increases among individuals and departments, redundancy is reduced,
Dept. of Civil Engineering, JNNCE, Shivamogga
5
Application of GIS in Civil Engineering productivity is enhanced, and overall organizational efficiency is improved. Thus, in a utility company the customer and infrastructure databases can be integrated so that when there is planned maintenance.
Application in CIVIL Engineering
Environmental management
Transportation management
Water Resource management
Business and Services management
Automated City and rural area road network map
Applications in Urban infrastructure, waste management and comprehensive planning
Disaster management
Agriculture / Forest management
Topographical surveying
Water Resource Management Water resource agencies use to map the full extent of their water resources and link them to a database defining each element including reservoirs, pipe segments, services, and system appurtenances. GIS provides water resource planners and engineers with an intelligent database so job planning, equipment inventory, and flow analysis become an automated procedure integrated into one system. Planners and engineers can link their current network modeling system to the GIS, tie it to the attribute data, and map the results.
Transportation management The use of GIS for transportation applications is widespread. Typical applications include highway maintenance, traffic modelling, accident analysis, and route planning and environmental assessment of road schemes. The applications of GIS to transportation can be viewed as involving either (i) Data retrieval; (ii) Data integrator; or (iii) Data analysis
Dept. of Civil Engineering, JNNCE, Shivamogga
6
Application of GIS in Civil Engineering Potential applications for GIS in transportation planning include the following:
Pavement management system.
Bridge management.
Maintenance management.
Safety management.
Transportation system management (TSM)
Travel demand forecasting
Corridor preservation and right-of-way
Construction management
Overweight/oversize vehicles permit routing.
Accident analysis
Pavement Management Pavement Management System (PMS) contains three primary components: data collection, analysis and updation. The components under data collection include: Inventory: Physical pavement feature including the numbers of lanes, length, width, surface type, functional classification and shoulder information. History: Project data and type of construction, reconstruction, rehabilitation and preventive maintenance Condition Survey: roughness on ride, pavement surface friction, rutting and distress Traffic: volume, vehicle type and load data; and The components under analysis include: Condition Analysis: ride, distress, rutting and surface friction Performance Analysis: pavement performance analysis and an estimate of remaining service life Investment Analysis: an estimate of network and project level investment strategies. These include single and multiyear period analysis and should consider life cycle cost evaluation
Dept. of Civil Engineering, JNNCE, Shivamogga
7
Application of GIS in Civil Engineering Engineering Analysis: evaluation of design construction, rehabilitation, material, mix design and maintenance. GIS is a logical approach for managing this programme, whereby analysis of pavement section descriptions and pavement deficiencies collected in pavement condition surveys could be maintained by location. Also the distribution of maintenance and resurfacing funds may be made on the basis of lane kilometers in a geographic area and corresponding pavement condition ratings. Traffic Engineering Congestion management programmes can be most suitably developed in a GIS environment. GIS based congestion management systems can start with the highway base maps and attribute databases used for long range transportation planning in urban areas. These regional base maps will provide the framework for identifying and monitoring congestion from a regional perspective. Additional more detailed base maps and databases can be developed to manage congestion in real time in critical corridors. Safety Management The analysis of accident data coupled with roadway features and characteristics, traffic volumes, bridge inventory and other data and the geographical presentation of this information in GIS environments will be very useful to develop safety management system. Inventory files such as traffic signals, narrow bridges and railroad crossings could be analyzed more efficiently using GIS. Bridge Maintenance A major benefits derived from GIS use will be in obtaining bridge information through general query capability. Example includes bridge condition surveys, sufficiency ratings, functionally deficient bridges, posted capacity distribution, clearness etc. Through relational database, bridge maintenance engineers could access important information like average daily traffic, as well as system and functional classification from planning and research maps.
Dept. of Civil Engineering, JNNCE, Shivamogga
8
Application of GIS in Civil Engineering
Urban planning Urban planning is basically resource generation, resource development and resource management exercise. The efficiency of urban settlements largely depends upon how well they are planned, how economically they are developed and how efficiently they are managed. With the rapid growth in population throughout the world, it is crucial to have a wellconcerted plan for urban expansion. Satellite or Airborne images give Urban planners synoptic views of large areas which allow them to lay plans for urban expansion effectively Activities Are Recommended For Urban Planning
Preparation of existing land-use map.
Study of urban sprawl over a given time period to understand the underlying driving forces.
Assessment of land use conversion in different parts to help understanding of the impact of the policies pursued.
Land suitability analysis based on physical, environmental and accessibility parameters to guide the selection process for opening the land for urban development.
Accessibility analysis for proposed major development project like airport, growth centre and stadium.
Evaluation of public suggestions and objections on the draft planning proposals.
Publication of maps at various scales with relevant details.
Stages of urban planning Urban areas face critical environmental problems which are manifested at the time of crises. To avoid such occurrences the first requirement is quantification and "resource potentiality", its availability and consumption in the urban areas which requires a comprehensive urban information system (UIS) to be developed to cater to the developmental needs of the growing urban areas.
Dept. of Civil Engineering, JNNCE, Shivamogga
9
Application of GIS in Civil Engineering
Thematic map preparation from satellite data using visual interpretation techniques.
Generation of spatial framework in GIS environment for perspective and development plans.
Integration of thematic maps using GIS techniques for urban sprawl analysis and urban land use change analysis.
Area required for urbanisation will be determined on the basis of population projection of the city and its growth centers.
Calculation of land requirements for urban development based on the carrying capacity of the region.
Projection urban land use suitability analysis.
Urban environmental sensitivity analysis based upon both physical as well as air quality parameters.
Determination of composite functionality index to setup various amenities such as educational, medical, recreational etc.
Planning for utilities like water supply, sewerage and storm water drain within the framework of Development Plan is an equally important task. Augmentation of their capacities in relation to the projected population and economic activities in different urban pockets is a major responsibility of the urban local body. This gives rise to design challenge that can be adequately addressed by GIS functions. Solid waste management in urban areas is emerging as a major issue. Identifying new dumping sites, evaluating the residual potential of the existing sites, formulation of waste collection and transportation strategies are some of the critical components of this task and GIS can substantially assist in these activities
Environmental Studies Dept. of Civil Engineering, JNNCE, Shivamogga
10
Application of GIS in Civil Engineering
Introduction In the process of human evolution the issues confronting today are safe guarding the natural environment and maintaining good quality of life. While taking up developmental activities, the assimilative capacities of the environmental components i.e., air; water and land to various pollution are rarely considered. The developmental activities being haphazard and erratic are leading to over use, congestion, incompatible land use and poor living conditions. Hence the problems of environmental pollution are becoming a heated topic of high-risk environment. GIS can play a vital role for analysis and in formulating the quick mitigation plans for high risk environments. GIS is one of the key tools in the environmental data framework for data validation, digital data transfer standards, data retrieval/dissemination and analysis. It can serve as the ultimate communication of environmental information to the public and policy makers since it is the technical basis for the multimedia approach in environmental decision-making. GIS technology allows all types of s to access the environmental information in its proper spatial context. GIS helps in Planning and Managing the environmental hazards and risks. In order to plan and monitor the environmental problems, the assessment of hazards and risks becomes the foundation for planning decisions and for mitigation activities. GIS s activities in environmental assessment, monitoring, and mitigation and can also be used for generating Environmental models.
Applicable Areas:
Wild Land Analysis
Emergency Services like Fire Prevention
Hazard Mitigation and Future planning
Air pollution & control
Disaster Management
Forest Fires Management
Managing Natural Resources
Waste Water Management
Oil Spills and its remedial actions
Dept. of Civil Engineering, JNNCE, Shivamogga
11
Application of GIS in Civil Engineering
Sea Water - Fresh water interface Studies
Coal Mine Fires
Apart from data analysis in laboratories GIS can also help the environmental data analysts in the field, the GIS tool is flexible enough to work in the field to give the exact location of devastation and amount of devastation. Some of the examples in field where GIS is applicable are.
Using GIS in the field, an environmental inspector can rapidly map waste storage sites; describe the volume, content, and state of waste containers.
Retrieve previous inspection records to compare with the existing environmental conditions.
View environmental data in relation to adjacent geographic features such as waterways, neighborhoods, or other sensitive areas such as high-risk zones for landslides, water pollution etc.
Integrated with a global positioning receiver, a field crew can use GIS to accurately ground truth satellite imagery in oil spill mapping and its affects on surrounding ecosystem
CONCLUSION Dept. of Civil Engineering, JNNCE, Shivamogga
12
Application of GIS in Civil Engineering
“GIS has proven to be a valuable tool to assist in decision making & Management of attributes that need to be analyzed spatially “ (With regard to space). Environmental problems can also be solved by using GIS method efficiently.
Reference: www.gisdevelopment.net Principles of Geographical Information System by Peter A. Burrough and Rachael A.Mcdonnell
Dept. of Civil Engineering, JNNCE, Shivamogga
13
CONTENTS:-
1. WHAT IS GIS?
1
2. NEED OF GIS
1
3. COMPONENTS OF GIS
1
4. GIS DATA MODELS
3
5. ADVANTAGE OF GIS
4-5
6. GIS APPLICATION
6-9
7. GIS FOR CIVIL ENGINEERS
10-21
8. CONCLUSION
Dept. of Civil Engineering, JNNCE, Shivamogga
22
0
Application of GIS in Civil Engineering
What is GIS? GIS is a” powerful set of tools for collecting, storing, retrieving at will, transforming and displaying spatial data from the real world for a particular set of purposes.”
Need of GIS? Many professionals, such as foresters, urban planners, and geologists, have recognized the importance of spatial dimensions in organizing & analyzing information. Whether a discipline is concerned with the very practical aspects of business, or is concerned with purely academic research, geographic information system can introduce a perspective, which can provide valuable insights as 70% of the information has geographic location as its denominator making spatial analysis an essential tool. Ability to assimilate divergent sources of data both spatial and non-spatial (attribute data). Visualization Impact Analytical Capability Sharing of Information
Components of GIS GIS constitutes of five key components:
Hardware
Software
Data
People
Method
Dept. of Civil Engineering, JNNCE, Shivamogga
1
Application of GIS in Civil Engineering
Hardware Hardware is the computer system on which a GIS operates. Today, GIS software runs on a wide range of hardware types, from centralized computer servers to desktop computers used in stand-alone or networked configurations.
Software
GIS software provides the functions and tools needed to store, analyze, and display geographic information example: GIS software’s in use are MapInfo, ARC/Info, AutoCAD Map, etc.
Data Perhaps the most important component of a GIS is the data. Geographic data and related tabular data can be collected in-house, compiled to custom specifications and requirements, or occasionally purchased from a commercial data provider. A GIS can integrate spatial data with other existing data resources, often stored in a corporate DBMS. The integration of spatial data (often proprietary to the GIS software), and tabular data stored in a DBMS is a key functionality afforded by GIS.
Dept. of Civil Engineering, JNNCE, Shivamogga
2
Application of GIS in Civil Engineering
People GIS technology is of limited value without the people who manage the system and develop plans for applying it to real world problems. GIS s range from technical specialists who design and maintain the system to those who use it to help them perform their everyday work. The identification of GIS specialists versus end s is often critical to the proper implementation of GIS technology.
Methods A successful GIS operates according to a well-designed implementation plan and business rules, which are the models and operating practices unique to each organization. As in all organizations dealing with sophisticated technology, new tools can only be used effectively if they are properly integrated into the entire business strategy and operation. To do this properly requires not only the necessary investments in hardware and software, but also in the retraining and/or hiring of personnel to utilize the new technology in the proper organizational context.
GIS Data Models A GIS stores information about the world as a collection of thematic layers that can be linked together by geography. This simple but extremely powerful and versatile concept has proven invaluable for solving many real-world problems from tracking delivery vehicles, to recording details of planning applications, to modeling global atmospheric circulation. The thematic layer approach allows us to organize the complexity of the real world into a simple representation to help facilitate our understanding of natural relationships.
Dept. of Civil Engineering, JNNCE, Shivamogga
3
Application of GIS in Civil Engineering
area is divided into cells identified by row and column. This data structure is commonly called raster. While the term raster implies a regularly spaced grid other tessellated data
Advantages of GIS The Geographic Information System has been an effective tool for implementation and monitoring of municipal infrastructure. The use of GIS has been in vogue primarily due to the advantage mentioned below:
Planning of project
Make better decisions
Visual Analysis
Improve Organizational Integration
Planning Of Project Advantage of GIS is often found in detailed planning of project having a large spatial component, where analysis of the problem is a pre requisite at the start of the project. Thematic maps generation is possible on one or more than one base maps, example: the generation of a land use map on the basis of a soil composition, vegetation and topography. The unique combination of certain features facilitates the creation of such
Dept. of Civil Engineering, JNNCE, Shivamogga
4
Application of GIS in Civil Engineering thematic maps. With the various modules within GIS it is possible to calculate surface, length, width and distance.
Making Decisions The adage "better information leads to better decisions" is as true for GIS as it is for other information systems. A GIS, however, is not an automated decision making system but a tool to query, analyze, and map data in of the decision making process. GIS technology has been used to assist in tasks such as presenting information at planning inquiries, helping resolve territorial disputes and to minimize visual intrusion.
Visual Analysis Digital Terrain Modeling (DTM) is an important utility of GIS. Using DTM/3D modeling, landscape can be better visualized, leading to a better understanding of certain relations in the landscape. Many relevant calculations, such as (potential) lakes and water volumes, soil erosion volume (Example: landslides), quantities of earth to be moved (channels, dams, roads, embankments, land leveling) and hydrological modeling becomes easier. Not only in the previously mentioned fields but also in the social sciences GIS can prove extremely useful. Besides the process of formulating scenarios for an Environmental Impact Assessment, GIS can be a valuable tool for sociologists to analyze istrative data such as population distribution, market localization and other related features.
Improving Organizational Integration
Many organizations that have implemented a GIS have found that one of its main benefits is improved management of their own organization and resources. Because GIS has the ability to link data sets together by geography, it facilitates interdepartmental information sharing and communication. By creating a shared database one department can benefit from the work of another--data can be collected once and used many times. As communication increases among individuals and departments, redundancy is reduced,
Dept. of Civil Engineering, JNNCE, Shivamogga
5
Application of GIS in Civil Engineering productivity is enhanced, and overall organizational efficiency is improved. Thus, in a utility company the customer and infrastructure databases can be integrated so that when there is planned maintenance.
Application in CIVIL Engineering
Environmental management
Transportation management
Water Resource management
Business and Services management
Automated City and rural area road network map
Applications in Urban infrastructure, waste management and comprehensive planning
Disaster management
Agriculture / Forest management
Topographical surveying
Water Resource Management Water resource agencies use to map the full extent of their water resources and link them to a database defining each element including reservoirs, pipe segments, services, and system appurtenances. GIS provides water resource planners and engineers with an intelligent database so job planning, equipment inventory, and flow analysis become an automated procedure integrated into one system. Planners and engineers can link their current network modeling system to the GIS, tie it to the attribute data, and map the results.
Transportation management The use of GIS for transportation applications is widespread. Typical applications include highway maintenance, traffic modelling, accident analysis, and route planning and environmental assessment of road schemes. The applications of GIS to transportation can be viewed as involving either (i) Data retrieval; (ii) Data integrator; or (iii) Data analysis
Dept. of Civil Engineering, JNNCE, Shivamogga
6
Application of GIS in Civil Engineering Potential applications for GIS in transportation planning include the following:
Pavement management system.
Bridge management.
Maintenance management.
Safety management.
Transportation system management (TSM)
Travel demand forecasting
Corridor preservation and right-of-way
Construction management
Overweight/oversize vehicles permit routing.
Accident analysis
Pavement Management Pavement Management System (PMS) contains three primary components: data collection, analysis and updation. The components under data collection include: Inventory: Physical pavement feature including the numbers of lanes, length, width, surface type, functional classification and shoulder information. History: Project data and type of construction, reconstruction, rehabilitation and preventive maintenance Condition Survey: roughness on ride, pavement surface friction, rutting and distress Traffic: volume, vehicle type and load data; and The components under analysis include: Condition Analysis: ride, distress, rutting and surface friction Performance Analysis: pavement performance analysis and an estimate of remaining service life Investment Analysis: an estimate of network and project level investment strategies. These include single and multiyear period analysis and should consider life cycle cost evaluation
Dept. of Civil Engineering, JNNCE, Shivamogga
7
Application of GIS in Civil Engineering Engineering Analysis: evaluation of design construction, rehabilitation, material, mix design and maintenance. GIS is a logical approach for managing this programme, whereby analysis of pavement section descriptions and pavement deficiencies collected in pavement condition surveys could be maintained by location. Also the distribution of maintenance and resurfacing funds may be made on the basis of lane kilometers in a geographic area and corresponding pavement condition ratings. Traffic Engineering Congestion management programmes can be most suitably developed in a GIS environment. GIS based congestion management systems can start with the highway base maps and attribute databases used for long range transportation planning in urban areas. These regional base maps will provide the framework for identifying and monitoring congestion from a regional perspective. Additional more detailed base maps and databases can be developed to manage congestion in real time in critical corridors. Safety Management The analysis of accident data coupled with roadway features and characteristics, traffic volumes, bridge inventory and other data and the geographical presentation of this information in GIS environments will be very useful to develop safety management system. Inventory files such as traffic signals, narrow bridges and railroad crossings could be analyzed more efficiently using GIS. Bridge Maintenance A major benefits derived from GIS use will be in obtaining bridge information through general query capability. Example includes bridge condition surveys, sufficiency ratings, functionally deficient bridges, posted capacity distribution, clearness etc. Through relational database, bridge maintenance engineers could access important information like average daily traffic, as well as system and functional classification from planning and research maps.
Dept. of Civil Engineering, JNNCE, Shivamogga
8
Application of GIS in Civil Engineering
Urban planning Urban planning is basically resource generation, resource development and resource management exercise. The efficiency of urban settlements largely depends upon how well they are planned, how economically they are developed and how efficiently they are managed. With the rapid growth in population throughout the world, it is crucial to have a wellconcerted plan for urban expansion. Satellite or Airborne images give Urban planners synoptic views of large areas which allow them to lay plans for urban expansion effectively Activities Are Recommended For Urban Planning
Preparation of existing land-use map.
Study of urban sprawl over a given time period to understand the underlying driving forces.
Assessment of land use conversion in different parts to help understanding of the impact of the policies pursued.
Land suitability analysis based on physical, environmental and accessibility parameters to guide the selection process for opening the land for urban development.
Accessibility analysis for proposed major development project like airport, growth centre and stadium.
Evaluation of public suggestions and objections on the draft planning proposals.
Publication of maps at various scales with relevant details.
Stages of urban planning Urban areas face critical environmental problems which are manifested at the time of crises. To avoid such occurrences the first requirement is quantification and "resource potentiality", its availability and consumption in the urban areas which requires a comprehensive urban information system (UIS) to be developed to cater to the developmental needs of the growing urban areas.
Dept. of Civil Engineering, JNNCE, Shivamogga
9
Application of GIS in Civil Engineering
Thematic map preparation from satellite data using visual interpretation techniques.
Generation of spatial framework in GIS environment for perspective and development plans.
Integration of thematic maps using GIS techniques for urban sprawl analysis and urban land use change analysis.
Area required for urbanisation will be determined on the basis of population projection of the city and its growth centers.
Calculation of land requirements for urban development based on the carrying capacity of the region.
Projection urban land use suitability analysis.
Urban environmental sensitivity analysis based upon both physical as well as air quality parameters.
Determination of composite functionality index to setup various amenities such as educational, medical, recreational etc.
Planning for utilities like water supply, sewerage and storm water drain within the framework of Development Plan is an equally important task. Augmentation of their capacities in relation to the projected population and economic activities in different urban pockets is a major responsibility of the urban local body. This gives rise to design challenge that can be adequately addressed by GIS functions. Solid waste management in urban areas is emerging as a major issue. Identifying new dumping sites, evaluating the residual potential of the existing sites, formulation of waste collection and transportation strategies are some of the critical components of this task and GIS can substantially assist in these activities
Environmental Studies Dept. of Civil Engineering, JNNCE, Shivamogga
10
Application of GIS in Civil Engineering
Introduction In the process of human evolution the issues confronting today are safe guarding the natural environment and maintaining good quality of life. While taking up developmental activities, the assimilative capacities of the environmental components i.e., air; water and land to various pollution are rarely considered. The developmental activities being haphazard and erratic are leading to over use, congestion, incompatible land use and poor living conditions. Hence the problems of environmental pollution are becoming a heated topic of high-risk environment. GIS can play a vital role for analysis and in formulating the quick mitigation plans for high risk environments. GIS is one of the key tools in the environmental data framework for data validation, digital data transfer standards, data retrieval/dissemination and analysis. It can serve as the ultimate communication of environmental information to the public and policy makers since it is the technical basis for the multimedia approach in environmental decision-making. GIS technology allows all types of s to access the environmental information in its proper spatial context. GIS helps in Planning and Managing the environmental hazards and risks. In order to plan and monitor the environmental problems, the assessment of hazards and risks becomes the foundation for planning decisions and for mitigation activities. GIS s activities in environmental assessment, monitoring, and mitigation and can also be used for generating Environmental models.
Applicable Areas:
Wild Land Analysis
Emergency Services like Fire Prevention
Hazard Mitigation and Future planning
Air pollution & control
Disaster Management
Forest Fires Management
Managing Natural Resources
Waste Water Management
Oil Spills and its remedial actions
Dept. of Civil Engineering, JNNCE, Shivamogga
11
Application of GIS in Civil Engineering
Sea Water - Fresh water interface Studies
Coal Mine Fires
Apart from data analysis in laboratories GIS can also help the environmental data analysts in the field, the GIS tool is flexible enough to work in the field to give the exact location of devastation and amount of devastation. Some of the examples in field where GIS is applicable are.
Using GIS in the field, an environmental inspector can rapidly map waste storage sites; describe the volume, content, and state of waste containers.
Retrieve previous inspection records to compare with the existing environmental conditions.
View environmental data in relation to adjacent geographic features such as waterways, neighborhoods, or other sensitive areas such as high-risk zones for landslides, water pollution etc.
Integrated with a global positioning receiver, a field crew can use GIS to accurately ground truth satellite imagery in oil spill mapping and its affects on surrounding ecosystem
CONCLUSION Dept. of Civil Engineering, JNNCE, Shivamogga
12
Application of GIS in Civil Engineering
“GIS has proven to be a valuable tool to assist in decision making & Management of attributes that need to be analyzed spatially “ (With regard to space). Environmental problems can also be solved by using GIS method efficiently.
Reference: www.gisdevelopment.net Principles of Geographical Information System by Peter A. Burrough and Rachael A.Mcdonnell
Dept. of Civil Engineering, JNNCE, Shivamogga
13
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