Applications Of Gps And Gis In Civil Engineering x3l5k

APPLICATIONS OF GPS &

GIS IN CIVIL ENGINEERING

Geographic Information Technologies (GPS)

• Global Positioning Systems – A system of Earth-orbiting satellites which provides precise location on the earth’s surface in lat./long coordinates. – 11 hours 58 minutes orbital period – 24 hour 3D coverage worldwide

(RS)

• Remote Sensing – Use of satellites/aircrafts to capture info-earth’s surface. – Digital ortho images a key product. • Geographic Information Systems

(GIS)

GIS-What is it? GIS • Computer-based Technology • Designed with software, hardware, data, procedure, network and live ware. • Storage, retrieval, mapping and analysis of geographic data. • Data is stored in coordinate form. • Layered together for mapping analysis.

GIS are designed to answer the followings:    

Location Patterns Trends Conditions

1. 2. 3. 4.

Where r particular feature found? What geographical patterns exist? Where have changes occurred over given period? Where do certain conditions apply?

Basic Components Requires well-defined, consistent methods to produce accurate, reproducible results.

ANALYSIS

The availability and accuracy of data affects results of query/analysis. DATA

People develops the procedures and define the tasks of the GIS. Includes database, drawing, stats. & imaging software. Affect processing speed, ease of use, and type of output

PEOPLE SOFTWARE

HARDWARE

Hardware DIGITIZER

Software-GIS architecture DATA INPUT

NETWORK

GEOGRAPHIC DATABASE CD-DRIVE

DISPLAY AND REPORTING TRANSFORMATION

PRINTER

PLOTTER

INTERFACE

Data and Analysis Data, Information, Knowledge, Intelligence • Data: Collection of facts/figures that pertain to places, people, things, events, and concepts. • Information: Data transferred – through processes. HARDCOPY MAPS DIGITAL DATA

COORDINATES 480585.5, 3769234.6 483194.1, 3768432.3 485285.8, 3768391.2

GIS DATA GPS

Components of Geographic Data • Three general components to geographic information Geometry

Attributes

Behavior Rules: Streets and highways may not intersect

• Each feature corresponds to a record in the attribute table

GIS Functions CAPTURE

• GPS satellites

STORE

• Stores in Vector or Raster format • Spatial and Attribute data QUERY

• Identifying specific features • Identifying features based on conditions • Proximity analysis ANALYSIS • Overlay analysis-overlap 2 layers • Network analysis-examines linear features DISPLAY • Visualized as a maps • Reports, 3-D views, photographs OUTPUT

• Paper map, Document, Image • Internet

The GIS Data Model: Implementation Geographic Integration of Information

• •

Data is organized by layers. Layers are integrated using explicit location on the earth’s surface, thus geographic location is the organizing principal.

The GIS Model roads

longitude

hydrology

longitude

topography

Here we have three layers :

• Roads • Hydrology (water) • Topography (land elevation)

Layers are comprised of two data types: • Spatial data -describes location(where) • Attribute data specifies what, how much, when Layers may be represented in two ways: • Vector format as points and lines. • Raster(or image) format as pixels.

longitude All geographic data has 4 properties: projection, scale, accuracy and resolution

CIVIL ENGINEERING APPLICATIONS GIS Integrates Data           

Transportation Watershed Analysis Environment Impact Assessment Remote Sensing Urban Development Target Site Selection Landfill Site Selection Mineral mapping Pollution Monitoring Natural Hazard Assessment Resource Management

Water Resources Topographic Data Roads/Infrastructure Demographics Land Use/Land Cover Imagery Environmental Considerations Engineering

TRANSPORTATION PLANNING

DESIGN

MAINTENANCE

INFORMATION

Planning • Involves surveys, review of exiting infrastructure. • GIS- integrates, manage, analyze and visualize the wide range of data sets. Design • GIS- data management tools to manage and share data between GIS and CAD soln. Maintenance • Detailed understanding of the location of assets for transport infrast. Information • Up to date information systems for travellers. • The wide choice of travel options require true multi-modal solutions.

GIS in Transportation Engineering • METRO projects.

• Airlines or road transport-detailed information-Bus no, route, timings etc. • Disaster responses-advance warning. • Planning and locating- railway corridors. LOCATION-ALLOCATION

• Finding a subset of locations from a set of potential-minimizing cost.

Location-Allocation Inputs & output • Customer or demand locations. • Potential site locations and/or existing facilities. • Street network or Euclidean distance.

INITIAL CONFIGURATION

Pictorial Representation

Final Configuration

Available Sites

Vehicle Routing

Watershed Analysis • • • •

GIS map water resources and link them to a database Planners/Engineers link their modeling system to the GIS-tie to attribute data. Data – land use & land cover, geology, soils, hydrography & topography. Project represented in 3-D form-the impact of facilities on landscape-design process. Flood Modeling

• • • •

Estimate the magnitude of high-flow events, the probability of low-flow events. Determine flood zones. Identify high-potential erosion areas. Derive physical characteristics area, perimeter, soil data etc.

Environmental Monitoring Undertaken if all available data is utilized effectively.

• GIS-Ideal solutions Environmental Impact Assessment for a new construction project, pollution monitoring. • GIS visualize all available info.

Remote Sensing • Image backdrop • Source of information on: Land use/land cover Vegetation type, distribution, condition Surface waters River networks Geomorphology Monitor change

Land use : Water: Urban: Forest: Agriculture: Pasture: Grass:

268.74 km2 2312.35 Km2 11182.39 km2 16675.65 km2 1308.23km2 1518.18 km2

Conclusion With increasingly complex projects, GIS provides the civil engineers with tools for creating,managing,analysing and visualizing all types of geographic information. GIS education is expected to prepare individuals in the civil engineering profession for the implementation of engineering projects/tasks with time- and money-saving approaches. Some of the open ended limitations the high over head cost GPS/GIS softwares and hardwares

Geographic information is at the heart of all engineering projects.

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