Calculation Of Duct Sizing By Equal Friction Method 6v4n5h
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Design of Air Condioning Calculating of Cooling Load Total Cooling Load
where
Ht Ht = Hs + Hl = total heat load(Btu/hr) Hs = Sensible heat(Btu/hr) Hl = latent heat(Btu/hr) Sensible heat Hs = 1.08 q dt
where Hs = Sensible heat(Btu/hr) q = air volume flow(cfm) dt = temperature differencr('F) Room to be air conditioned, length = 5 m width = 3.8 m Height = m Area = 19.00 m² Volume = 0.00 m³ air change rate = 6.00 q= 114.00 l/s 1 l/s = 2.119 cfm q= 241.57 cfm outside temperature inside temperature dt dt Therefore Hs 1Btu/hr Hs
= = = = = = =
36.00 20.00 16.00 60.80
'C 'C 'C 'F
Volume (from table 1)
(from table 3) (from table 2)
15,862.19 Btu/hr 0.293 Watt 4,647.62 Watt Table 1-Air Change Rate
Type of Building and Room
Animals
Air Shifts
Airflow
Outdoor
per hour
(l/s per m2
Airflow
(1/h)
floor area)
3 per animal
Horses
40 per animal
Hens
3 per animal
Cows
100 per animal
Chickens
2 per animal
Pigs, sow
60 per animal
Piglet
15 per animal
Apartments Assembly halls
(l/s)
Sheep
15 - 20 per person 5~10
14 per person
Auditoriums Bakeries
Banks
10 - 15 per person Production
8
Pastry room
6
Service
2~3
Archive
1
Staff
Baths
2~3 5~8
15
Barber Shops
15 - 25 per person
Bars
15 - 25 per person
Beauty Shops
15 - 25 per person
Boiler rooms
4
Bowling Alleys
15 - 20 per person
Cafeterias
4
Cinemas/Theatres
Chemist's shops
5~10
7 - 15 per person
Sterile room
15
Laboratory
15
Packing room
4
Store
1
Churches
10 - 15 per person
2
10 - 15 per person
Clubhouses
15 - 25 per person
Cocktail Lounges
15 - 25 per person
Computer Rooms
15 - 20 per person
Court Houses
10 - 15 per person
Dance halls
15 - 30 per person
Dental Clinics, Offices
15 - 20 per person
Department Stores (cfm/Sq.Ft)
0.3
Dining Halls
10 - 15 per person
Drug Shop
10 - 15 per person
Engine rooms
4
Exhibition halls
10~20
Fire Stations
15 - 20 per person
Garages
5~6
>1
General
Hospitals
25 per person
Therapy
9
Operating theatre
14
Autopsy
9
Reception Hotels
Room
15 - 20 per person 3
Factory
Industries
20 - 30 per person
Carpenter work shop
2~5
Car repair shop
4
Car repair shop, exhaust outlet
60 - 80 per car
Mechanical work shop
3~4
Welding
12~15
Assembly
4~5
Jails
10 - 15 per person
Jewelry Shop
10 - 15 per person
Libraries
10 - 15 per person
Lunch Rooms, Luncheonettes
10 - 15 per person
Municipal Buildings
10 - 15 per person
Museums
10 - 15 per person
Smithies
6~7 Small
20 - 40
Large
10~20
< 7 m2
15
> 7 m2
20
Industrial in general
Kitchens
25 - 30
Gas ovens
550/m2 outside wall
Electric ovens
300/m2 outside wall
Grill table
400/m2 outside wall
Frying pan
300
Boiling pan 100 l
100
Boiling pan 200 l
200
Coffee machine
60
Refrigerated cabinet
7~10
Cooling and freezer room
0.3 - 0.5
Store
2~4
Laundries
10~15
Lavatories
5~10
10
Night Clubs
15 - 25 per person
Malls
10 - 15 per person
Motels
15 - 20 per person Module
3~8
15 - 20 per person
Offices
Landscape
20 per person
Conference room
15 - 30 per person
Lecture room
10 - 15 per person
Dining hall
15 - 20 per person
Staff, changing clothes
8~12
Dining room
8~10
Resting room
15 per person
Police Stations
15 - 20 per person
Post Offices
15 - 20 per person
Precision Manufacturing
15 - 20 per person
Restaurants
5~10
Retail Stores (cfm/Sq.Ft) Schools
10
15 - 20 per person
0.3 Classroom
4~5
10 - 15 per person
Shops
20 per person
Shopping Centers
10 - 15 per person
Sports halls
3~4
Supermarkets
10 - 15 per person
Swimming pools
5~10
Taverns
15 - 25 per person
Town Halls
15 - 20 per person
Winter Condition Table 2-Inside Temperature
Temperature Type of Heated rooms
o
F
o
C
Bars
64
18
Bathrooms
72
22
Bedrooms
64
18
Changing rooms
72
22
Churches
64
18
Cloakrooms
61
16
Classrooms
68
20
Corridors
61
16
Dining rooms
68
20
Dressing rooms
70
21
Exhibition halls
64
18
Factories, sedentary work
64
18
Factories, light work
61
16
Factories, heavy work
55
13
Gyms
59
15
Halls, assembly
64
18
Halls, entrance
61
16
Hotel rooms
70
21
Laboratories
68
20
Lecture rooms
68
20
Libraries
68
20
Living rooms
70
21
Museums
68
20
Offices
68
20
Operating theatres
75
24
Prisons
64
18
Recreation rooms
64
18
Restaurants
64
18
Shops
64
18
Stores
59
15
Swimming baths
81
27
Waiting rooms
64
18
Wards
64
18
Warehouses
61
16
Summer Condition Table 3-Inside Temperature Outside dry bulb
Inside air conditions with
temperature
dew point constant at 14oC C min
%
35
27
18.5
44
32
26
18
46
29
25
17.8
52
27
24
17.5
51
24
23
17.2
57
21
22
17
57
o
C
o
C max
o
1 dm3(litre)/s = 10-3 m3/s = 3.6 m3/h = 0.03532 ft3/s = 2.1189 ft3/min (cfm) = 13.200 Imp.gal (UK)/min = 15.852 gal (US)/min = 792 Imp. gal (UK)/h
Latent heat Hl = 0.68 q dw where Hl q dw outside humidity ratio inside humidity ratio dw Therefore Hl 1Btu/hr Hl Therefore
= Latent heat(Btu/hr) = air volume flow(cfm) = humidity ratio difference(lb.water/lb dry air) = 46.00 (lb.water/lb dry air) = 40.00 (lb.water/lb dry air) = 6.00 (lb.water/lb dry air) = = =
985.59 Btu/hr 0.293 Watt 288.78 Watt
Total Cooling Load Ht = Hs + Hl Ht = 16,847.78 Btu/hr Ht = 4,936.40 Watt 4.94 KW
Pressure Loss for Heat Load
Air Change Rates -nBuilding / Room
(AC/Hr.)
All spaces in general
min 4
Attic spaces for cooling
12 - 15
Auditoriums
8 - 15
Banks
4 - 10
Barber Shops
6 - 10
Bars
20 - 30
Beauty Shops
6 - 10
Boiler rooms
15 - 20
Bowling Alleys
10 - 15
Cafeterias
12 - 15
Churches
8 - 15
Clubhouses
20 - 30
Cocktail Lounges
20 - 30
Computer Rooms
15 - 20
Court Houses
4 - 10
Dental Centers
8 - 12
Department Stores
6 - 10
Dining Halls
12 -15
Dining rooms hotels
5
Dress Shops
6 - 10
Drug Shops
6 - 10
Engine rooms
4-6
Factory buildings, ordinary
2-4
Factory buildings, fumes and moisture
10 - 15
Fire Stations
4 - 10
Foundries
15 - 20
Galvanizing plants
20 - 30
Garages repair
20 - 30
Garages storage
4-6
Homes, night cooling
10 - 18
Jewelry shops
6 - 10
Kitchens
15 - 60
Laundries
10 - 15
Libraries, public
4
Lunch Rooms
12 -15
Luncheonettes
12 -15
Nightclubs
20 - 30
Malls
6 - 10
Medical Centers
8 - 12
Medical Clinics
8 - 12
Medical Offices
8 - 12
Mills, paper
15 - 20
Mills, textile general buildings
4
Mills, textile dyehouses
15 - 20
Municipal Buildings
4 - 10
Museums
12 -15
Offices, public
3
Offices, private
4
Police Stations
4 - 10
Post Offices
4 - 10
Precision Manufacturing
15 - 50
Pump rooms
5
Restaurants
8 - 12
Retail
6 - 10
School Classrooms
4 - 12
Shoe Shops
6 - 10
Shopping Centers
6 - 10
Shops, machine
5
Shops, paint
15 - 20
Shops, woodworking
5
Substation, electric
5 - 10
Supermarkets
4 - 10
Town Halls
4 - 10
Taverns
20 - 30
Theaters
8 - 15
Turbine rooms, electric
5 - 10
Warehouses
2
Waiting rooms, public
4
Design of Ventilation
room 1
room 2
room3
Room 1 length width height Volume air change rate Flowrate of Air to be handled
= = v = =
5 4 3 60.00 12.00
=
Velocity thgh Grille Area of Grille open only 50% Size of Grille
= = = = 0.45 x 0.45 = 450 x 450
720 0.20 2.30 0.09 0.17
Velocity inside duct Area of Duct Size of Duct(1-2)
= = = 300 x 250
Length Friction Loss Friction loss in duct (1-2) Friction loss in Duct Component
m m m m³ (from table 1) m³/hr m³/sec m/sec m² m² m mm
(from table 3)
3.00 m/sec 0.07 m² mm
(from table 2) (from Fig 1)
= = = = ½ ρξν² = =
20.00 m 0.40 Pa/m 8.00 Pa-----------------
Eq(1)
40.41 Pa----------------5.00 Pa-----------------
Eq(2) Eq(3)
length width height Volume air change rate Flowrate of Air to be handled
= = v = =
6 5 3 90.00 12.00
m m m m³
=
Velocity thgh Grille Area of Grille open only 50% Size of Grille
= = = = 0.55 x 0.55 = 550 x 550
1080 0.30 2.30 0.13 0.26
m³/hr m³/sec m/sec m² m² m mm
damper
(from Fig 2)
(where ρ=1.23) kg/m³
Room 2
(from table 1)
(from table 3)
Velocity inside duct Area of Duct Size of Duct(3-4) Length Friction Loss Friction loss in duct (3-4) Friction loss in Duct Component
= = = 400 x 250
3.00 m/sec 0.10 m² mm
= = = = ½ ρξν² =
Damper
(from table 2) (from Fig 1)
20.00 m 0.30 Pa/m 6.00 Pa-----------------
Eq(4)
40.41 Pa----------------5.00 Pa-----------------
Eq(5) Eq(6)
(from Fig 2)
(where ρ=1.23) kg/m³
Room 3 length width height Volume air change rate Flowrate of Air to be handled
= = v = =
8 5 3 120.00 12.00
=
Velocity thgh Grille Area of Grille open only 50% Size of Grille
= = = = 0.6 x 0.6 = 600 X 600
1440 0.40 2.30 0.17 0.35
Velocity inside duct Area of Duct Size of Duct(3-5)
= = = 600 x 250
Length Friction Loss Friction loss in duct (3-5) Friction loss in Duct Component
= = = = ½ ρξν² =
Damper flowrate in duct(1-3) Velocity inside duct Size of Duct(1-3)
= = = 600 x 300
Length Friction Loss Friction loss in duct (1-3)
= = =
flowrate in duct(0-1) Velocity inside duct Size of Duct(1-3) Velocity thgh Louvre Area of Louvre open only 50% Size of Louvre
= = = 800 x 300 = = = = 1.0 X 0.8 = 1000x800
m m m m³ (from table 1) m³/hr m³/sec m/sec m² m² m mm
(from table 3)
3.00 m/sec 0.13 m² mm
(from table 2) (from Fig 1)
20.00 m 0.25 Pa/m 5.00 Pa-----------------
Eq(7)
41.51 Pa----------------5.00 Pa-----------------
Eq(8) Eq(9)
(from Fig 2)
0.70 m³/sec 5.00 m/sec mm 20.00 m 0.70 Pa/m 14.00 Pa----------------0.90 m³/sec 6.00 m/sec mm 2.30 m/sec 0.39 m² 0.78 m² m mm
(where ρ=1.23) kg/m³
(from table 2) (from Fig 1)
(from Fig 2) Eq(10)
(from table 2) (from Fig 1)
Length = 20.00 Friction Loss = 0.80 Friction loss in duct (0-1) = 16.00 Louver 10.00 Therefore Total Friction Loss in longest Ducting System = 91.51 = 91.51 Total Fan capacity = 0.90 3240 = table 1- recommended velocity in duct Location Velocity(m/s) Computer Rooms
15 - 20
Court Houses
4 - 10
Dental Centers
8 - 12
Department Stores
6 - 10
Dining Halls
12 -15
Dining rooms hotels
5
Dress Shops
6 - 10
Drug Shops
6 - 10
Engine rooms
4-6
Factory buildings, ordinary Factory buildings, fumes and moisture
2-4 10 - 15
Fire Stations
4 - 10
Foundries
15 - 20
Galvanizing plants
20 - 30
Garages repair
20 - 30
Garages storage
4-6
Homes, night cooling
10 - 18
Jewelry shops
6 - 10
Kitchens
15 - 60
Laundries
10 - 15
Libraries, public
4
Lunch Rooms
12 -15
Luncheonettes
12 -15
Nightclubs
20 - 30
Malls
6 - 10
Medical Centers
8 - 12
Medical Clinics
8 - 12
Medical Offices
8 - 12
paper Mills,Mills, textile general buildings
15 - 20
Mills, textile dyehouses
15 - 20
4
Municipal Buildings
4 - 10
Museums
12 -15
Offices, public
3
Offices, private
4
Police Stations
4 - 10
Post Offices
4 - 10
Precision Manufacturing
15 - 50
Pump rooms
5
m Pa/m Pa----------------Pa-----------------
(from Fig 2) Eq(11) Eq(12)
Pa N/m² m³/sec
m³/hr @
92
Pa
Restaurants
8 - 12
Retail
6 - 10
School Classrooms
4 - 12
Shoe Shops
6 - 10
Shopping Centers
6 - 10
Shops, machine
5
Shops, paint
15 - 20
Shops, woodworking
5
Substation, electric
5 - 10
Supermarkets
4 - 10
Town Halls
4 - 10
Taverns
20 - 30
Theaters
8 - 15
Turbine rooms, electric
5 - 10
Warehouses
2
Waiting rooms, public
4
table 2-Velocity Type of Duct
Comfort Systems
Industrial Systems
High Speed Systems
Main ducts
4 - 7 m/s
8 - 12 m/s
10 - 18 m/s
Main branch ducts
3 - 5 m/s
5 - 8 m/s
6 - 12 m/s
Branch ducts
1 - 3 m/s
3 - 5 m/s
5 - 8 m/s
Table 3-Velocity Velocity - v Public buildings
Industrial plant
Service
m/s
ft/min
m/s
ft/min
Air intake from outside
2.5 - 4.5
500 - 900
5.0-6.0
1000 - 1200
Heater connection to fan
3.5 - 4.5
700 - 900
5.0-7.0
1000 - 1400
Main supply ducts
4.0 - 7.0
1000 - 1500
6.0-12.0
1200 - 2400
Branch supply ducts
1.0 - 3.0
500 - 600
4.5 - 9
900 - 1800
Supply s and grilles
1.2 - 2.3
250 - 450
1.5 - 2.5
350 - 500
Low level supply s
0.8 - 1.2
150 - 250
Main extract ducts
4.5 - 8.0
900 - 1500
6.0-12.0
1200 - 2400
Branch extract ducts
2.5 - 3.0
500 - 600
4.5 - 9
900 - 1800
Figure 1-Rectangular Duct with Velocity
Figure 2- Friction loss
table 4- Minor loss in Duct Component Component or Fitting
Minor Loss Coefficient
Room 1
Room 2
Room 3
ξ 90 bend, sharp
1.3
90o bend, with vanes
0.7
90o bend, rounded, radius/diameter duct <1
0.5
90o bend, rounded, radius/diameter duct >1
0.25
45 bend, sharp
0.5
45o bend, rounded, radius/diameter duct <1
0.2
45o bend, rounded, radius/diameter duct >1
0.05
o
o
0.5
T, flow to branch(applied to velocity in branch)
0.3
Exit to room
1
Entry from room
0.5
Reduction, tapered
0
Enlargement, abrupt(due to speed before reduction)(v1= velocity before enlargement and v2 = velocity after enlargement)
(1 - v2 / v1)2
Enlargement, tapered angle < 8'(due to speed before reduction)(v1= velocity before enlargement and v2 = velocity after enlargement)
0.15 (1 - v2 / v1)2
Enlargement, tapered angle > 8'(due to speed before reduction)(v1= velocity before enlargement and v2 = velocity after enlargement)
(1 - v2 / v1)2
Grilles, 0.7 ratio free area to total surface
3
Grilles, 0.6 ratio free area to total surface
4
Grilles, 0.5 ratio free area to total surface
6
Grilles, 0.4 ratio free area to total surface
10
Grilles, 0.3 ratio free area to total surface
20
Grilles, 0.2 ratio free area to total surface
50
0.3 1
0.3 1
1
6
6
6
7.3
7.3
7.5
Ventilation Systems Equal Friction Method Date Project
room1
With Circular Duct Section
Duct Length (m)
Air flowrate (m3/s)
0-1 1-2 1-3 3-4 3-5
20 20 20 20 20
0.9 0.2 0.7 0.3 0.4
Type of Duct
Duct Friction Loss Velocity (m/s) Diameter (m) (Pa/m) 0.5 0.3 0.5 0.4 0.45
4.6 2.8 3.6 2.4 2.5
0.4 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.2
Industrial Comfort SystemsSystems
Frictionloss (Pa) 8 8 6 6 4
High Speed Systems
Main ducts
4 - 7 m/s
8 - 12 m/s
10 - 18 m/s
Main branch ducts
3 - 5 m/s
5 - 8 m/s
6 - 12 m/s
Branch ducts
1 - 3 m/s
3 - 5 m/s
5 - 8 m/s
Component or Fitting
Minor Loss Coefficient
Room 1
Room 2
ξ 90o bend, sharp
1.3
90o bend, with vanes
0.7
90o bend, rounded, radius/diameter duct <1
0.5
90o bend, rounded, radius/diameter duct >1
0.25
45o bend, sharp
0.5
45 bend, rounded, radius/diameter duct <1
0.2
45o bend, rounded, radius/diameter duct >1
0.05
T, flow to branch(applied to velocity in branch)
0.3
Exit to room
1
Entry from room
0.5
tapered Enlargement, abrupt(due toReduction, speed before reduction)(v1= velocity before enlargement and v2 = velocity after enlargement)
0 (1 - v2 / v1)2
Enlargement, tapered angle < 8'(due to speed before reduction)(v1= velocity before enlargement v2 to = velocity after enlargement) Enlargement, tapered angle > and 8'(due speed before reduction)(v1=
0.15 (1 - v2 / v1)2
o
velocity before enlargement and v2 = velocity after enlargement)
(1 - v2 / v1)2
Grilles, 0.7 ratio free area to total surface
3
Grilles, 0.6 ratio free area to total surface
4
Grilles, 0.5 ratio free area to total surface
6
Grilles, 0.4 ratio free area to total surface
10
Grilles, 0.3 ratio free area to total surface
20
Grilles, 0.2 ratio free area to total surface
50
0.3 1
0.3 1
6
6
7.3
7.3
Circular equivalent diameter -
Duct side - a
Duct side - b (m
mm
100
150
200
250
300
400
100
109
133
152
168
183
207
150
133
164
189
210
229
261
200
152
189
219
244
266
305
250
168
210
246
273
299
343
300
183
229
266
299
328
378
400
207
260
305
343
378
437
500
227
287
337
381
420
488
310
365
414
457
531
414
470
520
609
517
574
674
620
731
600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
781
room 2
Minor Loss Coefficients (ξ) 7.3 7.3 7.5
Minor Loss (Pa) 0.0 29.3 0.6 20.8 23.7
room 3
Pressure Loss Damper (Pa) 5.0 5.0 10.0
Total Pressure Loss (Pa) 8.0 42.3 6.6 31.8 37.7
Pressure Pressure Pressure Loss Path 0- Loss Path 0- Loss Path 01-2 (Pa) 1-3-4 (Pa) 1-3-5 (Pa) 8.0 8.0 8.0 42.3 6.6 6.6 31.8 37.7 50.3 46.4 52.3
Room 3
0.5
1
6
7.5
Circular equivalent diameter - de (mm)
Duct side - b (mm) 500
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
227 287
310
337
365
381
414
470
420
457
520
574
488
531
609
674
731
547
598
687
762
827
886
598
656
755
840
914
980
1041
687
755
875
976
1066
1146
1219
762
840
976
1093
1196
1289
1373
827
914
1066
1196
1312
1416
1511
886
980
1146
1289
1416
1530
1635
939
1041
1219
1373
1511
1635
1749
1096
1286
1451
1598
1732
1854
1523
1680
1822
1952
1800
2000
1286 1451
1523
1598
1680
1732
1822
1854
1952
1968
2073
2073
2186
where
Ht Ht = Hs + Hl = total heat load(Btu/hr) Hs = Sensible heat(Btu/hr) Hl = latent heat(Btu/hr) Sensible heat Hs = 1.08 q dt
where Hs = Sensible heat(Btu/hr) q = air volume flow(cfm) dt = temperature differencr('F) Room to be air conditioned, length = 5 m width = 3.8 m Height = m Area = 19.00 m² Volume = 0.00 m³ air change rate = 6.00 q= 114.00 l/s 1 l/s = 2.119 cfm q= 241.57 cfm outside temperature inside temperature dt dt Therefore Hs 1Btu/hr Hs
= = = = = = =
36.00 20.00 16.00 60.80
'C 'C 'C 'F
Volume (from table 1)
(from table 3) (from table 2)
15,862.19 Btu/hr 0.293 Watt 4,647.62 Watt Table 1-Air Change Rate
Type of Building and Room
Animals
Air Shifts
Airflow
Outdoor
per hour
(l/s per m2
Airflow
(1/h)
floor area)
3 per animal
Horses
40 per animal
Hens
3 per animal
Cows
100 per animal
Chickens
2 per animal
Pigs, sow
60 per animal
Piglet
15 per animal
Apartments Assembly halls
(l/s)
Sheep
15 - 20 per person 5~10
14 per person
Auditoriums Bakeries
Banks
10 - 15 per person Production
8
Pastry room
6
Service
2~3
Archive
1
Staff
Baths
2~3 5~8
15
Barber Shops
15 - 25 per person
Bars
15 - 25 per person
Beauty Shops
15 - 25 per person
Boiler rooms
4
Bowling Alleys
15 - 20 per person
Cafeterias
4
Cinemas/Theatres
Chemist's shops
5~10
7 - 15 per person
Sterile room
15
Laboratory
15
Packing room
4
Store
1
Churches
10 - 15 per person
2
10 - 15 per person
Clubhouses
15 - 25 per person
Cocktail Lounges
15 - 25 per person
Computer Rooms
15 - 20 per person
Court Houses
10 - 15 per person
Dance halls
15 - 30 per person
Dental Clinics, Offices
15 - 20 per person
Department Stores (cfm/Sq.Ft)
0.3
Dining Halls
10 - 15 per person
Drug Shop
10 - 15 per person
Engine rooms
4
Exhibition halls
10~20
Fire Stations
15 - 20 per person
Garages
5~6
>1
General
Hospitals
25 per person
Therapy
9
Operating theatre
14
Autopsy
9
Reception Hotels
Room
15 - 20 per person 3
Factory
Industries
20 - 30 per person
Carpenter work shop
2~5
Car repair shop
4
Car repair shop, exhaust outlet
60 - 80 per car
Mechanical work shop
3~4
Welding
12~15
Assembly
4~5
Jails
10 - 15 per person
Jewelry Shop
10 - 15 per person
Libraries
10 - 15 per person
Lunch Rooms, Luncheonettes
10 - 15 per person
Municipal Buildings
10 - 15 per person
Museums
10 - 15 per person
Smithies
6~7 Small
20 - 40
Large
10~20
< 7 m2
15
> 7 m2
20
Industrial in general
Kitchens
25 - 30
Gas ovens
550/m2 outside wall
Electric ovens
300/m2 outside wall
Grill table
400/m2 outside wall
Frying pan
300
Boiling pan 100 l
100
Boiling pan 200 l
200
Coffee machine
60
Refrigerated cabinet
7~10
Cooling and freezer room
0.3 - 0.5
Store
2~4
Laundries
10~15
Lavatories
5~10
10
Night Clubs
15 - 25 per person
Malls
10 - 15 per person
Motels
15 - 20 per person Module
3~8
15 - 20 per person
Offices
Landscape
20 per person
Conference room
15 - 30 per person
Lecture room
10 - 15 per person
Dining hall
15 - 20 per person
Staff, changing clothes
8~12
Dining room
8~10
Resting room
15 per person
Police Stations
15 - 20 per person
Post Offices
15 - 20 per person
Precision Manufacturing
15 - 20 per person
Restaurants
5~10
Retail Stores (cfm/Sq.Ft) Schools
10
15 - 20 per person
0.3 Classroom
4~5
10 - 15 per person
Shops
20 per person
Shopping Centers
10 - 15 per person
Sports halls
3~4
Supermarkets
10 - 15 per person
Swimming pools
5~10
Taverns
15 - 25 per person
Town Halls
15 - 20 per person
Winter Condition Table 2-Inside Temperature
Temperature Type of Heated rooms
o
F
o
C
Bars
64
18
Bathrooms
72
22
Bedrooms
64
18
Changing rooms
72
22
Churches
64
18
Cloakrooms
61
16
Classrooms
68
20
Corridors
61
16
Dining rooms
68
20
Dressing rooms
70
21
Exhibition halls
64
18
Factories, sedentary work
64
18
Factories, light work
61
16
Factories, heavy work
55
13
Gyms
59
15
Halls, assembly
64
18
Halls, entrance
61
16
Hotel rooms
70
21
Laboratories
68
20
Lecture rooms
68
20
Libraries
68
20
Living rooms
70
21
Museums
68
20
Offices
68
20
Operating theatres
75
24
Prisons
64
18
Recreation rooms
64
18
Restaurants
64
18
Shops
64
18
Stores
59
15
Swimming baths
81
27
Waiting rooms
64
18
Wards
64
18
Warehouses
61
16
Summer Condition Table 3-Inside Temperature Outside dry bulb
Inside air conditions with
temperature
dew point constant at 14oC C min
%
35
27
18.5
44
32
26
18
46
29
25
17.8
52
27
24
17.5
51
24
23
17.2
57
21
22
17
57
o
C
o
C max
o
1 dm3(litre)/s = 10-3 m3/s = 3.6 m3/h = 0.03532 ft3/s = 2.1189 ft3/min (cfm) = 13.200 Imp.gal (UK)/min = 15.852 gal (US)/min = 792 Imp. gal (UK)/h
Latent heat Hl = 0.68 q dw where Hl q dw outside humidity ratio inside humidity ratio dw Therefore Hl 1Btu/hr Hl Therefore
= Latent heat(Btu/hr) = air volume flow(cfm) = humidity ratio difference(lb.water/lb dry air) = 46.00 (lb.water/lb dry air) = 40.00 (lb.water/lb dry air) = 6.00 (lb.water/lb dry air) = = =
985.59 Btu/hr 0.293 Watt 288.78 Watt
Total Cooling Load Ht = Hs + Hl Ht = 16,847.78 Btu/hr Ht = 4,936.40 Watt 4.94 KW
Pressure Loss for Heat Load
Air Change Rates -nBuilding / Room
(AC/Hr.)
All spaces in general
min 4
Attic spaces for cooling
12 - 15
Auditoriums
8 - 15
Banks
4 - 10
Barber Shops
6 - 10
Bars
20 - 30
Beauty Shops
6 - 10
Boiler rooms
15 - 20
Bowling Alleys
10 - 15
Cafeterias
12 - 15
Churches
8 - 15
Clubhouses
20 - 30
Cocktail Lounges
20 - 30
Computer Rooms
15 - 20
Court Houses
4 - 10
Dental Centers
8 - 12
Department Stores
6 - 10
Dining Halls
12 -15
Dining rooms hotels
5
Dress Shops
6 - 10
Drug Shops
6 - 10
Engine rooms
4-6
Factory buildings, ordinary
2-4
Factory buildings, fumes and moisture
10 - 15
Fire Stations
4 - 10
Foundries
15 - 20
Galvanizing plants
20 - 30
Garages repair
20 - 30
Garages storage
4-6
Homes, night cooling
10 - 18
Jewelry shops
6 - 10
Kitchens
15 - 60
Laundries
10 - 15
Libraries, public
4
Lunch Rooms
12 -15
Luncheonettes
12 -15
Nightclubs
20 - 30
Malls
6 - 10
Medical Centers
8 - 12
Medical Clinics
8 - 12
Medical Offices
8 - 12
Mills, paper
15 - 20
Mills, textile general buildings
4
Mills, textile dyehouses
15 - 20
Municipal Buildings
4 - 10
Museums
12 -15
Offices, public
3
Offices, private
4
Police Stations
4 - 10
Post Offices
4 - 10
Precision Manufacturing
15 - 50
Pump rooms
5
Restaurants
8 - 12
Retail
6 - 10
School Classrooms
4 - 12
Shoe Shops
6 - 10
Shopping Centers
6 - 10
Shops, machine
5
Shops, paint
15 - 20
Shops, woodworking
5
Substation, electric
5 - 10
Supermarkets
4 - 10
Town Halls
4 - 10
Taverns
20 - 30
Theaters
8 - 15
Turbine rooms, electric
5 - 10
Warehouses
2
Waiting rooms, public
4
Design of Ventilation
room 1
room 2
room3
Room 1 length width height Volume air change rate Flowrate of Air to be handled
= = v = =
5 4 3 60.00 12.00
=
Velocity thgh Grille Area of Grille open only 50% Size of Grille
= = = = 0.45 x 0.45 = 450 x 450
720 0.20 2.30 0.09 0.17
Velocity inside duct Area of Duct Size of Duct(1-2)
= = = 300 x 250
Length Friction Loss Friction loss in duct (1-2) Friction loss in Duct Component
m m m m³ (from table 1) m³/hr m³/sec m/sec m² m² m mm
(from table 3)
3.00 m/sec 0.07 m² mm
(from table 2) (from Fig 1)
= = = = ½ ρξν² = =
20.00 m 0.40 Pa/m 8.00 Pa-----------------
Eq(1)
40.41 Pa----------------5.00 Pa-----------------
Eq(2) Eq(3)
length width height Volume air change rate Flowrate of Air to be handled
= = v = =
6 5 3 90.00 12.00
m m m m³
=
Velocity thgh Grille Area of Grille open only 50% Size of Grille
= = = = 0.55 x 0.55 = 550 x 550
1080 0.30 2.30 0.13 0.26
m³/hr m³/sec m/sec m² m² m mm
damper
(from Fig 2)
(where ρ=1.23) kg/m³
Room 2
(from table 1)
(from table 3)
Velocity inside duct Area of Duct Size of Duct(3-4) Length Friction Loss Friction loss in duct (3-4) Friction loss in Duct Component
= = = 400 x 250
3.00 m/sec 0.10 m² mm
= = = = ½ ρξν² =
Damper
(from table 2) (from Fig 1)
20.00 m 0.30 Pa/m 6.00 Pa-----------------
Eq(4)
40.41 Pa----------------5.00 Pa-----------------
Eq(5) Eq(6)
(from Fig 2)
(where ρ=1.23) kg/m³
Room 3 length width height Volume air change rate Flowrate of Air to be handled
= = v = =
8 5 3 120.00 12.00
=
Velocity thgh Grille Area of Grille open only 50% Size of Grille
= = = = 0.6 x 0.6 = 600 X 600
1440 0.40 2.30 0.17 0.35
Velocity inside duct Area of Duct Size of Duct(3-5)
= = = 600 x 250
Length Friction Loss Friction loss in duct (3-5) Friction loss in Duct Component
= = = = ½ ρξν² =
Damper flowrate in duct(1-3) Velocity inside duct Size of Duct(1-3)
= = = 600 x 300
Length Friction Loss Friction loss in duct (1-3)
= = =
flowrate in duct(0-1) Velocity inside duct Size of Duct(1-3) Velocity thgh Louvre Area of Louvre open only 50% Size of Louvre
= = = 800 x 300 = = = = 1.0 X 0.8 = 1000x800
m m m m³ (from table 1) m³/hr m³/sec m/sec m² m² m mm
(from table 3)
3.00 m/sec 0.13 m² mm
(from table 2) (from Fig 1)
20.00 m 0.25 Pa/m 5.00 Pa-----------------
Eq(7)
41.51 Pa----------------5.00 Pa-----------------
Eq(8) Eq(9)
(from Fig 2)
0.70 m³/sec 5.00 m/sec mm 20.00 m 0.70 Pa/m 14.00 Pa----------------0.90 m³/sec 6.00 m/sec mm 2.30 m/sec 0.39 m² 0.78 m² m mm
(where ρ=1.23) kg/m³
(from table 2) (from Fig 1)
(from Fig 2) Eq(10)
(from table 2) (from Fig 1)
Length = 20.00 Friction Loss = 0.80 Friction loss in duct (0-1) = 16.00 Louver 10.00 Therefore Total Friction Loss in longest Ducting System = 91.51 = 91.51 Total Fan capacity = 0.90 3240 = table 1- recommended velocity in duct Location Velocity(m/s) Computer Rooms
15 - 20
Court Houses
4 - 10
Dental Centers
8 - 12
Department Stores
6 - 10
Dining Halls
12 -15
Dining rooms hotels
5
Dress Shops
6 - 10
Drug Shops
6 - 10
Engine rooms
4-6
Factory buildings, ordinary Factory buildings, fumes and moisture
2-4 10 - 15
Fire Stations
4 - 10
Foundries
15 - 20
Galvanizing plants
20 - 30
Garages repair
20 - 30
Garages storage
4-6
Homes, night cooling
10 - 18
Jewelry shops
6 - 10
Kitchens
15 - 60
Laundries
10 - 15
Libraries, public
4
Lunch Rooms
12 -15
Luncheonettes
12 -15
Nightclubs
20 - 30
Malls
6 - 10
Medical Centers
8 - 12
Medical Clinics
8 - 12
Medical Offices
8 - 12
paper Mills,Mills, textile general buildings
15 - 20
Mills, textile dyehouses
15 - 20
4
Municipal Buildings
4 - 10
Museums
12 -15
Offices, public
3
Offices, private
4
Police Stations
4 - 10
Post Offices
4 - 10
Precision Manufacturing
15 - 50
Pump rooms
5
m Pa/m Pa----------------Pa-----------------
(from Fig 2) Eq(11) Eq(12)
Pa N/m² m³/sec
m³/hr @
92
Pa
Restaurants
8 - 12
Retail
6 - 10
School Classrooms
4 - 12
Shoe Shops
6 - 10
Shopping Centers
6 - 10
Shops, machine
5
Shops, paint
15 - 20
Shops, woodworking
5
Substation, electric
5 - 10
Supermarkets
4 - 10
Town Halls
4 - 10
Taverns
20 - 30
Theaters
8 - 15
Turbine rooms, electric
5 - 10
Warehouses
2
Waiting rooms, public
4
table 2-Velocity Type of Duct
Comfort Systems
Industrial Systems
High Speed Systems
Main ducts
4 - 7 m/s
8 - 12 m/s
10 - 18 m/s
Main branch ducts
3 - 5 m/s
5 - 8 m/s
6 - 12 m/s
Branch ducts
1 - 3 m/s
3 - 5 m/s
5 - 8 m/s
Table 3-Velocity Velocity - v Public buildings
Industrial plant
Service
m/s
ft/min
m/s
ft/min
Air intake from outside
2.5 - 4.5
500 - 900
5.0-6.0
1000 - 1200
Heater connection to fan
3.5 - 4.5
700 - 900
5.0-7.0
1000 - 1400
Main supply ducts
4.0 - 7.0
1000 - 1500
6.0-12.0
1200 - 2400
Branch supply ducts
1.0 - 3.0
500 - 600
4.5 - 9
900 - 1800
Supply s and grilles
1.2 - 2.3
250 - 450
1.5 - 2.5
350 - 500
Low level supply s
0.8 - 1.2
150 - 250
Main extract ducts
4.5 - 8.0
900 - 1500
6.0-12.0
1200 - 2400
Branch extract ducts
2.5 - 3.0
500 - 600
4.5 - 9
900 - 1800
Figure 1-Rectangular Duct with Velocity
Figure 2- Friction loss
table 4- Minor loss in Duct Component Component or Fitting
Minor Loss Coefficient
Room 1
Room 2
Room 3
ξ 90 bend, sharp
1.3
90o bend, with vanes
0.7
90o bend, rounded, radius/diameter duct <1
0.5
90o bend, rounded, radius/diameter duct >1
0.25
45 bend, sharp
0.5
45o bend, rounded, radius/diameter duct <1
0.2
45o bend, rounded, radius/diameter duct >1
0.05
o
o
0.5
T, flow to branch(applied to velocity in branch)
0.3
Exit to room
1
Entry from room
0.5
Reduction, tapered
0
Enlargement, abrupt(due to speed before reduction)(v1= velocity before enlargement and v2 = velocity after enlargement)
(1 - v2 / v1)2
Enlargement, tapered angle < 8'(due to speed before reduction)(v1= velocity before enlargement and v2 = velocity after enlargement)
0.15 (1 - v2 / v1)2
Enlargement, tapered angle > 8'(due to speed before reduction)(v1= velocity before enlargement and v2 = velocity after enlargement)
(1 - v2 / v1)2
Grilles, 0.7 ratio free area to total surface
3
Grilles, 0.6 ratio free area to total surface
4
Grilles, 0.5 ratio free area to total surface
6
Grilles, 0.4 ratio free area to total surface
10
Grilles, 0.3 ratio free area to total surface
20
Grilles, 0.2 ratio free area to total surface
50
0.3 1
0.3 1
1
6
6
6
7.3
7.3
7.5
Ventilation Systems Equal Friction Method Date Project
room1
With Circular Duct Section
Duct Length (m)
Air flowrate (m3/s)
0-1 1-2 1-3 3-4 3-5
20 20 20 20 20
0.9 0.2 0.7 0.3 0.4
Type of Duct
Duct Friction Loss Velocity (m/s) Diameter (m) (Pa/m) 0.5 0.3 0.5 0.4 0.45
4.6 2.8 3.6 2.4 2.5
0.4 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.2
Industrial Comfort SystemsSystems
Frictionloss (Pa) 8 8 6 6 4
High Speed Systems
Main ducts
4 - 7 m/s
8 - 12 m/s
10 - 18 m/s
Main branch ducts
3 - 5 m/s
5 - 8 m/s
6 - 12 m/s
Branch ducts
1 - 3 m/s
3 - 5 m/s
5 - 8 m/s
Component or Fitting
Minor Loss Coefficient
Room 1
Room 2
ξ 90o bend, sharp
1.3
90o bend, with vanes
0.7
90o bend, rounded, radius/diameter duct <1
0.5
90o bend, rounded, radius/diameter duct >1
0.25
45o bend, sharp
0.5
45 bend, rounded, radius/diameter duct <1
0.2
45o bend, rounded, radius/diameter duct >1
0.05
T, flow to branch(applied to velocity in branch)
0.3
Exit to room
1
Entry from room
0.5
tapered Enlargement, abrupt(due toReduction, speed before reduction)(v1= velocity before enlargement and v2 = velocity after enlargement)
0 (1 - v2 / v1)2
Enlargement, tapered angle < 8'(due to speed before reduction)(v1= velocity before enlargement v2 to = velocity after enlargement) Enlargement, tapered angle > and 8'(due speed before reduction)(v1=
0.15 (1 - v2 / v1)2
o
velocity before enlargement and v2 = velocity after enlargement)
(1 - v2 / v1)2
Grilles, 0.7 ratio free area to total surface
3
Grilles, 0.6 ratio free area to total surface
4
Grilles, 0.5 ratio free area to total surface
6
Grilles, 0.4 ratio free area to total surface
10
Grilles, 0.3 ratio free area to total surface
20
Grilles, 0.2 ratio free area to total surface
50
0.3 1
0.3 1
6
6
7.3
7.3
Circular equivalent diameter -
Duct side - a
Duct side - b (m
mm
100
150
200
250
300
400
100
109
133
152
168
183
207
150
133
164
189
210
229
261
200
152
189
219
244
266
305
250
168
210
246
273
299
343
300
183
229
266
299
328
378
400
207
260
305
343
378
437
500
227
287
337
381
420
488
310
365
414
457
531
414
470
520
609
517
574
674
620
731
600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
781
room 2
Minor Loss Coefficients (ξ) 7.3 7.3 7.5
Minor Loss (Pa) 0.0 29.3 0.6 20.8 23.7
room 3
Pressure Loss Damper (Pa) 5.0 5.0 10.0
Total Pressure Loss (Pa) 8.0 42.3 6.6 31.8 37.7
Pressure Pressure Pressure Loss Path 0- Loss Path 0- Loss Path 01-2 (Pa) 1-3-4 (Pa) 1-3-5 (Pa) 8.0 8.0 8.0 42.3 6.6 6.6 31.8 37.7 50.3 46.4 52.3
Room 3
0.5
1
6
7.5
Circular equivalent diameter - de (mm)
Duct side - b (mm) 500
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
227 287
310
337
365
381
414
470
420
457
520
574
488
531
609
674
731
547
598
687
762
827
886
598
656
755
840
914
980
1041
687
755
875
976
1066
1146
1219
762
840
976
1093
1196
1289
1373
827
914
1066
1196
1312
1416
1511
886
980
1146
1289
1416
1530
1635
939
1041
1219
1373
1511
1635
1749
1096
1286
1451
1598
1732
1854
1523
1680
1822
1952
1800
2000
1286 1451
1523
1598
1680
1732
1822
1854
1952
1968
2073
2073
2186
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