-eommercial Music spring wire-best quality Wire-spring Sttip Strip, spring Strip (hard temper) Ban

S069A S070C S075B 5077B 50800 5082A 5085A SIIOB 5112E 5115C 5120F 5121C 5122C 51320

0.60·0.75 0.69-1).80 0.89-1.04 0.89·1.04 0.90-1.30

(a) Contains 1.2% manganese

Product descriptions and nominal compositions for wrought alloy steels AMS designation

Product form(a)

c

6242C 62SOF 62600 62630 62640 626SC 6266C 6267A 62700 6272E 6274G 62758 6276C 6277A 6280E 6281C 62820 6290C 6292C 6294C 6299A 6300 6302B

Bars. forgings Bars, fetgings. tubing Bars. f
0.15-0.20 0.07·0.13 0.07.U.I3 O.II.U.17 0.14-0.20 0.07·0.13 0.08-0.13 0.07-0.13 0.11·0.17 0.15-0.20 0.18-0.23 0. 15-0.20 0.18-0.23 0.18·0.23 0.28-0.33 0.28-0.33 0.33-0.38 O.ll.U.17 0.15-0.20 0.17-0.22 0.17-0.23 0.35·0.40 0.28-0.33

6303A

Bars, f

6304C 6312A 63178

Bars, fOfgings, tubing Bars. f
6320F 6321A 6322F 63230 6324C

Cr

Nominal com~osltlon,% Nl Mo

1.5 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2

5 3.5 3.25 3.25 3.25 3.25 1.85 3.25 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.45 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8

1.25

0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.25 0.1 2 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.12 0.2 0.20 0.20 0.2 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.50

0.25-0.30

1.25

0.5

0.40.0.50 0.38-0.43 0.38-043

0.95

0.33-0.38 0.38-0.43 0.3S.U.43 0.38-0.43 0.38-1).43

0.50 0.43

o.so 1.2 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.40 0.50 0.50

o.so 0.5 o.so 0.50

o.so

o.so

0.65

(a) P, quality; VM, vacuum melted: CM. consumable electtOde remclled

(continued)

1.8 1.8

0.55 0.25 0.25

0.55 0.30 0.55 0.55 0.70

0.25 0.12 0.25 0.25 0.25

Other

0.003 B

0.0038

Nearest AISI-SAE grade 2517 3310 9310 93 15 931 7 9310 43BVI2 9310 8615 8617 8620 941) 17 8620 8620 8630 8630 8735 4615 4617 4620 4320H 4037

0.65Si 0.25V 0.65Si 0.85V OJOV 4640 4640 0.003B

8735 81840 8740 8740 8740mod

298

Product descriptions and nominal compositions for wrought alloy steels (continued) Nearest AMS

designation 63250 63270 6328E 6330A 63420 63500 6351A 6352B 6354 63SSG 6356A 63570 6358B 6359B 6360F 6361

Product form( a) Bars, forgings (heat treated: 105 ksi lellSile sttength) Bars, fotgings (heat treated: 125 ksi tensile strength) Bars, forgings. tubing Bars, forgings Bars, forgings. tubing Plate. sheel. slrip rannealed) Plate, shee(, slrip (spheroidiz.ed) Plate, sheet. slrip (annealed) Plate. sheet. slrip

Cr

AISI· SAE

Other

grade

0.38-0.43

0.50

0.55

0.25

8740

0.38.().43

0.50

0.55

0.25

8740

0.48.().53 0.33-0.38 0.38.().32 0.28.().33 0.28-0.33 0.32.().39 0. 10.0.17

0.50 0.6 0.80 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.6

0.55 1.25 1.0

0.25

8750 3135 9840 4130 4130 4135H NAX9115-AC

0.28.().33 0.30-0.35 0.33·0.38 0.38-0.43 0.38.().43 0.28.0.33 0.27-0.33

0.50 0.95 0.50 0.50 0.80 0.95 0.95

0.55

0.27-0.33

0.25 0.20 0.20 0.2 0.2

0.75Si 0.1 Zr

0.20 0.20 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.20 0.2

8630

0.95

0.2

4130

0.33.0.38 0.28.().33 0.28-0.33 0.33-0.38 0.28.0.33 0.38.0.45

0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95

0.20 0.2 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.2

4135 4130 41 30 4135 4130 4140

0.40-0.53

0.95

0.2

4140

0.38-0.43 0.38.0.43 0.27.0.33

0.95 0.95 1.25

0.20 0.20 0.50

4140 4140

6390A 6395 6406A

Plate, sheet (heat treated: 90and 100 ksi yield strength) Tubing (special quality) Plate. sheet. strip Plate. sheet, strip

0.38.0.43 0.38-0.43 0.41·0.46

0.95 0.95 2.1

0.20 0.20 0.58

6407B 6411 6412F 64130 6414A 6415G 6416

B;vs, forgings, tubing Bars. forgings. tubing (P. CM) Bars. forgings Tubing B;vs, forgings. tubing (P) Bars, forgings, tubing Bars. forgings. tubing

0.27.0.33 0.28.0.33 0.35.0.40 0.35-0.40 0.38-0.43 0.38-0.43 0.41.().46

1.2 0.85 0.80 0.8 0.80 0.80 0.8

2.05 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8

0.45 0.40 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.4

6417

Bars. forgings. tubing (P, CM)

0.38.0.43

0.82

1.8

0.40

6418C

Bars, forgings. tubing

0.23..0.28

0.30

1.8

0.40

6419

Bars. forgings. tubing (P, CM)

0.41..0.46

0.82

1.8

0.40

6421A 6422C 6423A 6426A 64270 6428A 6429A

Bars. forgings. tubing Bars. forgings. tubing Bars. forgings. tubing Bars. forgings. tubing (VM) Bars. forgings. tubing Bars, forgings. tubing Bars, forgings. tubing (CM or

0.35-0.40 0.38-0.43 0.40-0.46 0.80-0.90 0.28..0.33 0.32•0.38 0.33-0.38

0.80 0.80 0.92 1.0 0.85 0.80 0.80

0.85 0.85 0.15 1.8 1.8 1.8

0.20 0.20 0.52 0.58 0.40 0.35 0.35

1.6Si 0.00 v 1.6Si 0,07 v l.3Mn 1.5Si 1.6Si 0.07V 0.003 B 0.003 B 0.003 B 0.75Si 0.07V 0.20V 0.20V

6430A

Bars. forgings. tubing (special

0.33-038

0.80

1.8

0.35

0.20V

4335mod

0.45-0.50 0.43·0.49 0.33..0.38 0.31.().38 0.33.0.38

1.05 1.05 0.80 0.80 0.80

0.55 0.55 1.8 1.8 1.8

l.O 1.0 0.35 O.JS 0.35

0.11 v 0.11 v 0.20V 0.20V 0.20V

06AC D6A

6362 6365E 6370F 63710 63720 6373A 6378 6379 6381B 6382G 6385B 6386A

Plate, sheet. strip (annealed)

c

Nominal composition, % Nl Mo

Plate, shee(, strip Plate, shee(, slrip Plate. sheet, strip Plate. sheet. strip Tubing, seamless Tubing, sc:unless (125 ksi tensile strength) Tubing, seamless (150 ksi tensile strength) Tubing. seamless Bars. forgings. rings Tubing Tubing Tubing, welded Ban (die drawn and tempered: 130 ksi yield strength) B;vs (die drown and tempered: 165 ksi yield strength) Tubing B;vs. forgings Plate. sheet. slrip

0.55 0.55 1.8

8735 8740 4340 4130 4130

0.65Si 0.25V 4140 4140 1.6Si 0.05V 4337 4337 4340 4340 4340mod Hy-Tuf 300M Mod 98B37 Mod 98B40

4335mod 433Smod

VM)

grade)

6431A 6432 6433A 6434A 6435A

Bars. forgings, tubing (P, VM) Bars. forgings. tubing Plate, sheel. strip (special grade) Plate, shee(, slrip Plate. sheet. strip(P. CM) (annealed)

(a) P, quality; VM. vacuum melted: CM, consumable electrode remelted

(continued)

4335mod 4335mod

299

Product descriptions and nominal compositions for wrought alloy steels (continued) Nearest AMS

designation

Product form( a)

c

Cr

Nominal composition, % Mo Nl

other

6436A

Plate, sheet. strip

0.20.0.25

1.25

6437A 6438A

Plate, sheet, strip Plate. sheet, strip (P. CM) Bars. wire. forgings Thbing (bearing quality) Bars. wire. forgings Bars. wire. forgings (P. VM) Bars. wire, forgings.rubing (P, VM) Bars. wire, forgings,rubing (P, VM) Bars. forgings (P) Bars, forgings.lllbing (P) Bars. forgings Wire (spring-annealed) Plate, sheet. strip (spring) Bars. forgings. tubing for nitriding Bars. forgings. tubing for nitriding (P) Bars. forgings for nitriding (heal treated: 112 ksi tensile strength) Bars. forgings. tubing for nitriding Bars, forgings Bars, forgings (P. VM) Bars, forgings (P) Bars, forgings. tubing (P, VM) Bars, forgings. tubing. rings (CM) (annealed)

0.38-0.43 0.4.5-0.50 0.98-1.10 0.98-1.10 0.98-1.10 0.95-1.1 0.95-1.10

5.0 1.0.5 1.45 1.45 0.50 1.05 1.45

0.92-1.02

1.05

0.95-1.10 0.95-1.10 0.48-0.53 0.48-0.53 0.48-0.53 0.38-0.43

1.05 1.45 0.95 0.95 0.95 1.6

0.35

0.22V 0.22 V 0.22V 1.15 AI

0.38-0.43

1.6

0.35

1.15 AI

0.38.0.43

1.6

0.35

1.13AI

0.21-0.26

1.1

0.25

125AI

0.38-0.43 0.38-0.43 0.38-0.43 0.77-0.85

5.0 5.0 5.0 4.0 18

1.3 1.3 1.3 4.25 4.9

0.50V 0.50V 0.50V l.OV 7.8Co 0.40Ti O.IOAI 9.0Co 0.65Ti O.IOAI 7.8Co 0.40Ti O.IOAl 9.0Co 0.65Ti O.lOAI 4.5Co 0.09V

6440E 64410 6442C 6443B 6444B 6445A

6446 6447 6448C 6450C 6455C 6470F 6471

64n 647SC 6485B 6487C 6488 6490B 6512

0.5

AISI.SAE

0..55

1.3 1.0

1.1 Mn

3.5

4.9

6520

Plate. sheet, strip (solution heal treated) (CM)

18

4.9

6521

Plate, sheet. strip (solution heat tre:lled) (CM)

18.5

4.9

6526

6545A

Bars. forgings, tubing (annealed) (P, CM) Tubing. seamless Tubing, seamless Bars, forgings. rings, tubing (annealed) Bars. forgings, tubing. rings (annealed) (P. CM) Bars, forgings. tubing (annealed) (P. CM) Plate, sheet. strip (annealed)

6546A

Plate. sheet. strip (annealed)

0.29-0.34

1.0

7.5

1.0

0.28-0.33 0.33-0.38 0.24-0.30

0.50 0.50 0.48

0.55 0.55

8.0

0.20 0.25 0.48

0.24-0.30

0.48

8.0

0.48

0.42-0.48

0.27

7.75

0.27

0.24-0.30

0.48

8.0

0.48

0.24-0.30

0.48

8.0

0.48

0.28-0.33

0.50

0.55

0.20

(P. CM)

6550E

Tubing. welded

(a) P, quality: VM. vacuum melted: CM. consumable electrode remelted

D6

.51100mod

52100

18.5

6542A

Hit

51100

Bars. forgings. tubing, rings (annealed) (CM)

6541A

grade

52100 52100 50100 51100 52100

6514

6530E 65350 6540A

0.65 Si 0.85V 0.5 v 0.11

6 1.50 6150 6 150

Hit Hll Hll

MSO

8630 8735 4.0Co 0.09V 4.0Co 0.09V 4.0 Co 0.09V 4.0Co 0.09V 4.0Co 0.09V 8630

300

Physical Properties

Densities of steels Nearest AISI.SAE grade

Chemical com~sltlon, % Sl Cr

c

Mn 0.38 0.64 0.69 0.35 0.74 0.28 0.22

O.ot 0.11 0.20 0.16

(a)

0.06 0.23 0.44 1.22 0.31 0.98 0.51

18Ni2SO(b)

0.026

0.1

0.11

1008 1024 1042 (a)

5130 52100

Nl

1.00 1.68 1.72

Annealed Annealed Annealed Annealed Hardened and wmpered Annealed Quenched in brine (BQ) BQ, tempered 190 •c (375 oF) BQ, tempered 365 •c (690 °F) BQ, tempered 6<XJ •c (1110 • F) Annealed

3.52

18.5

Denstty Mgtm3 lb1Jn.3

Treatment or condition

Other

4.7Mo 7.0Co 0.22Ti 0.0038

7.871 7.859 7.844 7.830 7.84 7.81 7.79 7.80 7.82 7.835 7.835 8.0

0.2844 0.2839 0.2834 0.2829 0.283 0.282 0.281 0.282 0.283 0.2831 0.2831 0.289

(a) No AISI-SAE grade of similar composition. (b) Nominal composition

Specific damping capacity(a) AISI-SAE grade 1018 1095 1095

Treatment or condition Normalized Spheroidized Water quench fromsoo •c

Specific damping capacity,%

AISI.SAE grade

1.5

1095

0.8 0.5

4140 1Ni-0.4C

(a) Swface shear stress, 34.5 MPa (5 ksi); data apply to room temperature

Specific Treatment or damping condition capacity,% WQ, temper atloo·c Not known Not known

0.2 0.15 0.3

AISI-5AE grade 1Cr-3Ni-O.JC Gray cast Iron

Specific Treatment or damping condition capacity,% Not known

0.8

Not known

7to 20

301

Specific heat of steels Mean apparent specific heat, J/Kg · K, at temeerature range 1

oc

Nearest AISI-8AE grade

50

c

Treatment Chemical com~sltlon 1 % Mn Cr Nl Mo Other or condition

1008 1008 1010

0.06 0.08 0.10

0.38 0.3 1 0.42

1025 1042 1078 (a) 1524 4130(b)

0.23 0.42 0.80 1.22 0.23 0.3

0.64 0.64 0.32 0.35 1.51

o.s

0.95

4140

0.41

0.67

1.01

5132 S l40

0.32 0.39

0.69 0.79

1.09 1.03

0.073

(a)

0.59

0.5S

(a)

0.35 0.33 0.34

0.88 0.17 0.78

0 .26 3.47 3.53

(a)

0.49

0.90

(a)

0.55

0.008P; 0.0285

0.11Cu

0.23

.0 .20 . 0 .39 1.98Si; 0.64Cu

to

150 200 250 300 350 450 550 650 700 750 850 to

to

to

to

to

to

to

to

to

to

to

100 200 250 300 350 400 500 600 700 750 800 900

Annealed Annealed Not known

481 481 450

519 523 500

536 544 520

553 557 535

Annealed Annealed Annealed Annealed Annealed Hardened and tempered Hardened and tempered Annealed Hardened and tempered Annealed Not known Hrudened and tempered Not known

486 486 490 486 477 477

519

532

SIS

S28 S48

557 S48 565

532 540 511 515

544 528

557 544 544

~74

S95

569 565

595

536

553

7S4 741 730

867 858 825

1105 1139

875 960

749 708 712 699 741 737

846

599 590 595

662 649 670 636 649 657

1432 1583 2081 2089 1449

950 624 615 649 82 1 833

519(c)

...

56 I( c)

595

657

741 561(c)

837

1499

934

574

737 749

1616

no

825 1637 1051

1662

883 603 636

636

749

829

904

1365

590

574

599

569

586 607

586 578

565

473(c) 494 523 452(c) 473(c)

662 662 650

574

519(c)

S9S S90

477 481 486

Sl5 S23 523

528 536 540

548 557

569 569 582

607

657 662 670

498

523

540

557

578

603

666

544

770 770 816 837 825

955

846

548

536

640

(a) No equivalent grade. (b) Nominal composition. (c) Value presented is mean value for range of temperatures between room tempernture and the higher of the cited temperarun..>s

302

Coefficients of linear thermal expansion Nearest AISI·SAE grade 1008 1008 1010 1010 lOIS 1020 1022 1022 103S 1035 1040 1040 104S 1045 1052

c 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.10 0.17 0.22 0.22 0.23 0.36 0.33 0.40 0.42 0.44 0.44 0.49 0.56 0.59 0.66 0.80 0.81 0.82 0.80

p

s

0.017 0.01 0.029 0.008 0.012 O.ot 0.01 0.034

0.035 0.02

Mn

Chemical com~osltlon, % 51 Cr Nl O.o! 0.01 0.08

Mo

Other 0.08 Cu; 0.00 I AI: 0.039 As 0.02Cu 0.002 AI; 0.032 As

0,02

o.ss

O.o3

0.04

O.o7

0.02

1.1

0.38 0.08 0.31 0.42 0.42 0.12 0.90 0.64 0.32 0.12 0.11 0.64 0.69 0.57 1.21 0.19 0.92 0.72 0.32 0.10 1.65 0.32 0.3

1.22 0.42 0.44 0.23 0.82 0.40

2330 3140 4137 4140

0.33 0.40-0.50 0.39 0.41

4340

0.41

1.07

1.43

0.26

(e)

0.32

0.67

2.60

0.51

4615 4617 Sl40 (e) S2100

0.18 0.35 0.37 0.94

1.65 1.76

0.30 0.20

0.31 0.33 0.34

6150

0.22

0.75

0.019

6150 6150

0.35 0.53

1.42 0.80

0.013 0.015

lOSS

1060 1070 1078 1080 (e)

lOSS 1095 (e)

1145 1145 1524 (e) (e)

0.01 0.01 0.031 0.037 0.013 0.05

o.os 0.028 0.035 0.03 0.017 0.034

0.024 0.028

0.03 0.03 0.029 0.038 0.033 0.05 0.023 0.033 0.916

Trace

0.025

Trace

Annealed

Not known Trace

Trace 0.03

0.07

0.13 Cu; O.OIOAI:0.036As 0.03Cu 0.03Cu 0. 12 Cu; 0.006 AI: 0.033 As 0.06 Cu; 0.006 AI: 0.024 As 0.14V

0.06 0.04

0.02Cu

0.009 0.02S

0.3S 0.64 0.69 1.51 1.65 0.67

0.009 0.031 0.037

O.QI S 0.029 0.038

0.16 0.11 0.20

0.1 1 Trace

0.20

O.o3

0.02Cu

0.78

0.014

0.03 0.11

0.13

O.o3

0.13 0.06 0.04

0.07 Cu: 0.004 AI; 0.021 As

0.01

0.077 Cu: 0.006 AI; O.o25 As 0.12 Cu; 0.006 AI; 0.003 As 0.06 Cu: 0.006 AI; 0.024 As

0.80

... O.ot5

0.035

0.09

0.029

0.19

Annealed Annealed Annealed Annealed Annealed Annealed Annealed Annea.led Annealed

0.008 0.025

0.51 0.67

Annealed Annealed Annealed Not known

Rolled

O.ol 0.25 0.1 1 0.20 0.03 0.07 0.11 0.20 0.16 0.12 0.04 0.25 0.18 0.025 0.20 0.13 0.2

0.5~.80

Treatment or condition

0.45-0.15 0.87 1.01

Rolled Annealed Annealed Not known Annealed Annealed Hardened Annealed Annealed Annealed N01known Not known Oil hardened, tempered

•c

o

600 (Ill •FJ Annealed

3.59 1.00-1.50

Hardened and tempered Rolled Oil hardened. tempered 6000C (II I0 °F) Oil hardened. tempered 630•C(li70°F) Oil hardened, tempered 650 ·c 0200 •FJ Not known Cartmrized and hardened Annealed

0.21 0.23

0.19 0.21 0.27

0.75 1.57 0.95

0.033

0.27

0.96

0.17 V

0.057 0.020

0.20 0.15

1.00 1.02

0.1 1 v 0.17V

Annealed

Annealed Hardened Annealed Hardened. tempered 205 ·c (400 •F) Annealed

Annealed Hardened, tempered 425 •c

csoo•FJ 18Ni250(e)

0.026

0.1

0.11

18.5

4.7

7.0 Co; 0.22 Ti; 0.003 B

Hardened. tempered 650 •c <1200 •FJ Not known

(a) To obtain coeff'JCients in).liolio. · •Fmuhiply values in tableby0.556. (b) Stated value represents avero~gecoefficient betweenO •c(32 •F) and indicated cemperarure. (c) 10.3J.unlm · K from - IOOOCto 20•e, 9.8jlm'm· K from - 150to20 OC. (d) Stated value representsaveragecoetr.cient between 25 •cos •F) and indicated tefl'4lCf'3llJI'e. (e) Nominal composition. (f) I L2).lrnlm · K from-100to2o •c : 10.4jlrnfm · K front -ISOto 200C.(g) Suued value represents averagecoeff'JCient belween 24and 284 •C(74 and 540•F)

(continued)

303

Coefficients of linear thennal expansion (continued) Nearest AISI.SAE grade 1008 1008 1010 1010 1015 1020 1022 1022 1035 1035 1040 1045 1052 1055 1060 1070 1078 1080 (e) 1085 1095 (e) 1145

1524 (e) 2330 3140 4137 4140 4340 (e)

200 392

300 572

752

500 932

12.6(b)

13.1(b) 12.5 13.0(b) 12.6 12.5(b) 12.1 12.7 12.7(b) 12.6 11.9 12.0 12. 1(b) 12.3(b) 11.9(d) II.S(d) 11.8 11.9(d) 12.6(b)

13.5(b)

13.8(b)

14.2(b)

14.6(b)

13.0 13.5(b)

14.2 14.3(b) 14.3 14.2(b)

14.6 14.7(b) 14.7

13.0(b)

13.6 13.9(b) 13.8 13.6(b)

12.8

13.4

13.9

14.4

14.8

13.1(b) 13.3 12.7 12.5 13.0(b) 13. 1(b) 12.7(d) 12.7(d) 12.6 12.9(d) 13.3(b)

13.5(b) 13.8 13.4 13.3 13.6(b) 13.7(b) 13.5(d) 13.7(d) 13.4 13.5(d) 14.0(b) 13.2 13.2 12.3(b) 13.2(b)

13.9(b) 14.3 14.0 13.9 14.0(b) 14.2(b) 14. 1(d) 14.5(d) 14.0 14. 1(d)

14.4(b) 14.8 14.4 14.4 14.6(b) 14.7(b) 14.5(d) 14.7(d) 14.5 14.6(d)

14.9(b) 15.2 14.8 14.8 14.8(b) 15.1(b) 14.8(d) 15.0(d) 14.8 14.9(d)

13.8 13.1(b) 13.6(b)

14.2 14.2 13.6(b) 14.2(b)

14.7 14.2(b) 14.7(b)

13.5(b) 14.0(b) 14.2(b)

12.7

12.9(b) 13.6(b) 13.7(b) 13.9 12.3(b) 13.8 12.9(d) 13.4(b) 13.0(b) 13.7 13.6 13. 1 13.2

13.4 13.4

13.3 12.9 13.3(d) 13.4 13.1 13.4 10.l(g)

11.6 12.2(b) 11.9(c) 11.9(b) 11.7 12.5 12.2(b) 11.1 11.3 11.2(b) 11.6(b) 11.2(d) I 1.3(d) 11.0 ll.l(d) 11.8(b) 11.1 11.0 8.8(b) 11.1(b) ll.4(b) 13.0(b) 10.6(b) 11.2(b) 11.6(b) 11.9 8.8(b) 11.9 10.9(d) 11.8(b) 11.2(b) 12.3

(0 11.5 12.5

52100

11.9(b) 12.6(b)

6150

12.2 12.0 12.4(d) 12.4 11.8 12.3

18Ni250(c)

11.7 11.6 9.8(b) 11.7(b)

11.2(b) 12.1(b) 12.3(b) 12.7 9.8(b) 12.6 II .2(d) 12.3(b) 11.8(b) 12.7 12.4

13.3

12.4 11.3(b) 12.5(b)

12. 1(b) 13.0(b) 13.1(b) 11.3(b) 12.1(d) 12.9(b) 12.4(b)

II .6

4615 4617 5140 (e)

6150 6150

Avera9! coefficients of ex~anslon 1 !!mlm · K(a}

100 212

12.1 13.1 12.6 12.8

12.7 12.5 12.6{d) 12.8 12.4 12.7

400

13.1(b) 13.4(d) 14.0(b) 13.6(b)

600

1112

14.2(b) 14.6(b) 14.7(b) 14.7 13.6(b) 14.5 13.8(d)

700 1292

800 1472

1000 1832

15.()(b)

14.7

13.8

15.0 15.0(b) 14.9

14.0

14.7(bl 14.8(b) 15. 1(b)

12.6

13.4

11.8

13.6

13.8

15.7

14.3

16.8

12.1

13.8

14.2(b)

14.5 14.3 13.7

13.9 14. 1

13.9 13.8

14.3 14.2

14.6 14.4

13.7 13.0 13.8(d) 13.9 13.6 13.9

14. 1 13.3 14.2(d) 14.2 13.9 14.3 10. 1

14.4 13.7 14.5(d) 14.5 14.1 14.7

15.0 14.6

14.7(d)

(a) Toobcain coellkients in~Jin.lin. · •fmultiply values in tableby0.556. (b) Slated valuerepresen1s average coefficient betweeno •c (32 •F) and indicared temperature. (c) 10.31Jmlm · K from-l00°Cto20•C,9.8 jimlm · K from - 150to20"C. (d) Slated value represents average coefficient betwren25 "C(75 •F) and indicated tempernrure. (e) Nominal composition. (f) 11.21Jmlln · K from-100to20 •C; 10.41Jmlln · K from-150to20 °C. (g) Staled valuerepresentsaverngecoefflcient between 24 and284 "C(74 and540 °f).

304

Electrical resistivities of steels Nearest AISI·SAE grade 1008 1008 1025 1042 1078 (a)

1524 4130(b) 4140 4340 .5132 5140 (a) (a) (a) (a)

18Ni2SO(b)

Nearest AISI.SAE grade 1008 1008 1025 1042 1078 (a)

1.524 4130(b) 4 140 4340 5132 5140 (I)

(a) (a)

(a)

18Ni250(b)

•c2o •F&a 0.130 0.142 0.169 0.17 1 0.180 0.196 0.208 0.223 0.222 0.248 0.210 0.228 0.223 0.27 1 0.289 0.429 0.6to0.7 0.36to0.6

100 212

200 392

0.178 0.190 0.219 0.22 1 0.232 0.252 0.259 0.271 0.263 0.298 0.259 0.281 0.271 0.320 0.337 0.470

0.252 0.263 0.292 0.296 0.308 0.333 0.333 0.342 0.326 0.367 0.330 0.3.52 0.342 0.390 0.406 0.529

c

Mn

0.06 0.08 0.23 0.42 0.80 1.22 0.23 0.3 0.41 0.41 0.32 0.39 0.35 0.33 0.34 0.49 0.026

0.38 0.31 0.64 0.64 0.32 0.35 1.51 0.5 0.67

Reslstlvltl•l:!:n · m, at Indicated temperature 1000 600 700 800 900 1292 1472 1652 1832 752 1112

400

0.448 0.458 0.487 0.493 0.505 0.540 0.523 0.529 0.475 0.552 0..517 0.530 0.529 0.567 0.582 0.685

0.55 0.55

0.95 1.01 1.07 1.09 1.03 0.88 0.17 0.78

1.98 0.11

(a) No AISI-SAEstandard grade of similar composition. (b) Nominal composition

1300 •c 2372 °F 1.241 1.244 1.239

1.073 1.081 1.094 1.111 1.129 1.1.52 1.103 1.103

1.124 1.130 1.136 1. 149 1.164 1.196 1.143

1.160 1.165 1.167 1.179 1.191 1.226 1.174 1.171

1.189 1.193 1.194 1.207 1.2 14 1.249 1.202

1.216 1.220 1.219 1.230 1.231 1.271 1.227 1.222

0.934

1.106

1.14.5

1.177

1.205

1.230

1.251

0.944 0.992 0.994 1.057

1.103 1.122 1.114 1.173

1.138 1.149 1.146 1.197

1.17 1 1.180 1.176 1.223

1.200 1.204 1.199 1.249

1.222 1.228 1.222 1.271

1.242 1.248 1.242 1.289

Mo

Other

0.11 Cu 0.3

1200 2192

0.898 0.905 0.925 0.932 0.935 0.964 0.946

Chemical composition, o/o Sl Cr Nl

0.69 0.79 0.59

0.90 0.1

0.725 0.734 0.758 0.766 0.772 0.802 0.786 0.786 0.646 0.797 0.778 0.785 0.786 0.8 14 0.825 0.911

1100 2012

1.43 0.073 0.26 3.47 3.53 18.5

0.2 0.23 0.26

1.246 1.287 1.250

Treatment or condition Annealed Annealed Annealed Annealed Annealed Annealed N01koown Hardened and tempered Hardened and tempered Hardened and tempered Annealed

0.20 0.39 4.7

0.64 Cu 7.0Co;0.22Ti; 0.003B

Hardened and tempered Annealed Notlmown Hardened and tempered Not blown Annealed Aged

305

Thennal conductivities of steels Nearest AISI..SAE grade 1008 1008

1010 1025 1042 1078 (d) 1524 4037 4130(e) 4140 5132 5140 (d) (d) (d) (d)

18Ni250(e)

Nearest AISI..SAE grade

·co "F 32 59.5 65.3(b) 65.2 51.9 51.9 47.8 45.2 46.0

48.6 42.7 36.4 33.1 13.0 19.7(b)

100 212

200

Conductivity, Wlm · K(a), at Indicated temperature 300 400 500 600 700 800

392

572

752

932

1112

1292

1472

57.8 60.3 60.2 51. 1 50.7 48.2 44.8 45.8 48.2 42.7 42.7 46.5 44.8 42.7 37.7 33.9 13.8 20.9

53.2 S4.9 55.S 49.0 48.2 45.2 43.5 45.0 45.6

49.4

45 .6 45 .2 46.0 42.7 41.9 38. 1 38.5 40.1 39.4

41.0

36.8 36.4 36.9 35.6 33.9 32.7 33.5 34.4 33.9

33.1

28.5 28.5 28.9 26.0 24.7 24.3 23.9 26.6

50.7 46. 1 45.6 41.4 41.0 42.6 40.6

42.3 44.4 43.5 41.9 38.9 35.2 16.3

c

Mn

1008 1008 1010 1025 1042 1078 (d) 1524

0.08 0.06 0.10 0.23 0.42 0.80 1.22 0.23

0.31 0.4 0.42 0.64 0.64 0.32 0.35 1.5 1

4037 4 130(e) 4140 5132 5)40 (d) (d) (d) (d) 18Ni250(e)

0.37 0.3 0.41 0.32 0.39 0.35 0.33 0.34 1.22 0.026

37.3 37.7 38.5 37.7 38.9 36.8 35.6 19.3

42.3 40.6 39.4 35.6 18.0

p

0.008

0.037

41.5 39.4 38.1 35.2 36.0 37.4

35.6 36.4 35.2 33.5 20.5

Chemical composition, % Nl Sl Cr

s

0.045

0.07

27.6 27.6

29.7

27.2 26.8 26.8 26.0 27.2

29.7 29.7 30.1

28.1

30.1

0.12

Trace Trace 0.11 0.11 0.06

0.074 0.063 0.13 0.13 0.04

0.3

0.95

26.0

28.1

30.1

31.0 26.4 28.1 22.6

26.4 25. 1 26.8 23.4

28.1 27.6 28.5

30.1 30.1 30.1 28.1

Other

O.o2

0.038

0.01 O.ot 0.025

0.13Cu 0.12Cu 0.07Cu 0.08Cu 0.105 Cu; 0.033 Co:0.015 AI

0.26

0.59

0.22 0.11

1.01 1.09 1.03 0.88 0.17 0.78 0.03

0.26 3.47 3.53 O.Q7 18.5

0.23 0.012 0.20 0.04 0.39 4.5

25.5

Treatment or condition Not known Annealed Not known Annealed Annealed Annealed Annealed Annealed Hardened and tempered Hardened and tempered Hardened and tempered

0.5 0.073

"F

28.5

28.9

Mo

·c

(C)

0.028

0.67 0.69 0.79 0.55 0.55 13.0 0.1

30

1200 2192

31.0 33.1 31.8 31.4 33.9 32.7 30.6 21.8

1.56

0.5

32.9 31.8 30.1 30.1 31.0

1000 1832

0.07Cu 0.12Cu 0.09Cu 0.05Cu 0.07Cu 7.0Co;0.22 Ti; 0.003 B

Annealed

Hardened and tempered Not known Not known Hardened and tempered Not known Notk.nown

(a) To obtain conductivities in BTU!(I\ · h · •F), multiply values in !able by 0.5778; to obtain conductivities in cal/(em· s · •C). multiply by 0.002388. (b) TbermaJ conduclivily ar21 "C (70"F). (c)70.4 W/m· K M-100 °C (-148 •F).(d)Noequivalentgrade. (e) Nominal composition

306

Mechanical Properties This guide shows what to expect from a given grade of steel in the indicated condition. Data were obtained from specimens 0.505 in. in diameter which were machined from l-in. rounds; gage lengths were 2 in. Average properties of hot rolled, normalized, and annealed material are listed, while properties of quenched and tempered grades are for single heats. Sources of the data are Bethlehem Steel Corp. and Republic Steel Corp. Because of the many variables that affect a steel's properties, however, these listed properties should not be considered either as average or typical. Both strengths and ductilities may

range up and down from the values given, depending on the compositions of individual heats of the same grade, section sizes, and internal structures. Properties of carbon steels and many alloy steels are also affected by residual e lements (particularly nickel, chromium and molybdenum), even though their amounts arc limited to maximums by AISI and SAE specifications. Fine-grained steels normally have better impact strength than coarsegrained types, a factor which should be considered when reviewing the results of Izod tests. Hardness values are not always related to corresponding tensile strengths. In particular, this effect oc-

curs with carbon steels because they are shallow-hardening. Hardness tests were made on surfaces, and these hardnesses will not renect the tensile strengths obtained with specimens representing bar centers. (Center hardnesses are usually lower than surface hardnesses.) Hot rolled properties for alloy steels are not given because these grades are customarily heat treated. Because the samples were small enough to ensure full quenching, values indicate strengths and ductilities which may be obtained with hardened, fine-grained steels of a similar section size at room temperatures.

Mechanical properties of selected carbon and alloy steels in the hot rolled, normalized, and annealed condition Austenltlzlng

AISI no.(a) 1015

1020

1022

1030

1040

IOSO

1060

1080

1095

1117

Treatment As,roUed Nonnalized Annealed As-roUed Nonnalized Annealed As-rolled Nonnalizcd Annealed As-rolled Nonnalized Annealed As, rolled Nonnalized Annealed As-rolled Nonnalizcd Annealed As-roUed Nonnalizcd Annealed As-rolled Normalized Annealed As-rolled Normalized Annealed As-rolled Nonnalized Annealed

temperature •c ·F 92S 870 870 870

1700 1600 1600 1600

925 870

1700 1600

925 845

1700 15SO

900 790

16SO 14SO

900 790

1650 1450

900 790

1650 14SO

900 790

16SO 14SO

900 790

1650

1450

Tensile strength MPa ksl 420.6 424.0 386.1 448.2 441.3 394.7 503.3 482.6 429.2 55 1.6 520.6 463.7 620.5 589.5 518.8 723.9 748.1 636.0 813.6 775.7 625.7 965.3 1010.1 615.4 965.3 1013.5 656.7

486.8 900 855

1650 1575

467.1 429.5

61.0 61.5

56.0 65.0 64.0 57.3 73.0 70.0 62.3

80.0 75.5

67.3 90.0 85.5 75.3 105.0 108.5 92.3 118.0 112.5 90.8 140.0 146.5 89.3 140.0 147.0 95.3 70.6 67.8 62.3

Yield strength MPa ksl 313.7 324.1 284.4 330.9 346..5 294.8 358.5 358.5 317.2 344.7 344.7

341.3 413.7 374.0 353.4 413.7 427.5 365.4

482.6 420.6 372.3 586.1 524.0 375.8 572.3 499.9 379.2 305.4 303.4 279.2

45.5

47.0 41.3 48.0

S0.3 42.8 52.0 52.0 46.0

so.o

SO.O 49.5 60.0

54.3 51.3 60.0

62.0 53.0 70.0 61.0 54.0 85.0

76.0 545

83.0 72.5 55 .0

44.3 44.0 40.5

Elong- Reduction atlon, In area, Hardness,

% 39.0 37.0 37.0 36.0 35.8 36.5 35.0 34.0 35.0 32.0 32.0 31.2 25.0 28.0 30.2 20.0

20.0 23.7

17.0 18.0 22.5 12.0 11.0 24.7 9.0 9.5 13.0 33.0 33.5 32.8

%

HB

61.0 69.6 69.7 59.0 67.9

126 121 Ill

66.0

Ill

67.0 67.5 63.6 57.0

149 143 137 179 149 126 201

60_8

57.9

so.o 54.9 57.2 40.0 39.4 39.9 34.0 37.2 38.2 17.0 20.6 45.0

18.0 13.5 20.6 63.0

63.8 58.0

143 131

lzodlmpact strength J ft · lb 110.5 115.5 115.0 86.8 117.7 123.4 81.3 117.3 120.7 74.6 93.6 69.4

170 149 229 217 187 241 229 179 293 293 174 293 293 192 143 137 121

84.8 64.0

86.8 91.0

60.0

48.8

86.5 89.0 55.0 69.0 51.2 36.0

65.1 44.3 31.2 27. 1 16.9 17.6 13.2 11.3 6.8 6.8 6.1 4.1 5.4

32.7 23.0 20.0 12.5 13.0 9.7 8.3 5.0 5.0 4.5 3.0 4.0

48.0

85.1

2.0 60.0 62.8

93.6

69.0

2.7 81.3

(a) AU gmde$are finegrainedcxoepc for those in the !tOO series which are coarse-grained. Heat treated specimens were oil quenched unlessodlCtWise indicated

(continued)

81.5 85.2

307

Mechanical properties of selec1ed carbon and alloy steels In the hot rolled, nonnallzed, and annealed condltion(contlnued) AlSI no.(a) 1118

Treatment As-rolled Normalized Annealed

1137

1141

1144

1340 3140

As-rolled Normali7.M Annealed As·rolled Normalized Annealed As-rolled Normalized Annealed Normalized Annealed Normalized Annealed

4130

4320

Normalized Annealed Normalized Annealed Normalized Annealed Normalized

4340

Normalized

4140 4150

Annealed Annealed

4620 4820 5140 5150 5160 6150

Normalized Annealed Normalized Annealed Normalized Annealed Normalized Annealed Normalized Annealed Normalized Annealed

8620 8630 8650

Normalized Annealed Normalized Annealed Normalized Annealed

8740 9255 9310

Normalized Annealed Normalized Annealed Normalized Annealed

Austenltlzlng temperature •f •c 925 790

1700 1450

900

790

1650 1450

900 815

1650 1500

900

790 870 800 870 815 870 865

870 815 870 815 895 8SO 870 810 900 855 860 815 870 830 870 825 855 815 870 815 915 870 870 845 870 795 870 815 900

845 890 845

1650 1450 1600 1475 1600 1500 1600 1585 1600 1500 1600 1500 1640 1560 1600 1490 1650 1575 1580 1500 1600 1525 1600 1520 1575 1495 1600 1500 1675 1600 1600 1550 1600 1465 1600 1500 1650 1550 1630 1550

Tensile strength MPa ksl 521.2 477.8 450.2 627.4 668.8 584.7 675.7 706.7 598.5 703.3 667.4 584.7 836.3 703.3 891.5 689.5 668.8 560.5 1020.4 655.0 1154.9 729.5 792.9 579.2 1279.0 744.6 574.3 512.3 75.0 681.2 792.9 572.3 870.8 675.7 957.0 722.6 939.8 667.4 632.9 536.4 650.2 564.0 1023.9 715.7 929.4 695.0 932.9 774.3 906.7 820.5

75.6 69.3 65.3 91.0 97.0 84.8 98.0 102.5 86.8 102.0 96.8 84.8 121.3 102.0 129.3 100.0 97.0 81.3 148.0 95.0 167.5 105.8 115.0 84.0 185.5 108.0 83.3 74.3 109.5 98.8 115.0 83.0 126.3 98.0 138.8 104.8 136.3 96.8 91.8 77.8 94.3 81.8 148.5 103.8 134.8 100.8 135.3 112.3 131.5 119.0

Yield strength ksl MPa 316.5 319.2 284.8 379.2 396.4 344.7 358.5 405.4 353.0 420.6 399.9 346.8 558.5 436.4 599.8 422.6 436.4 36o.6 655.0 41 7. 1 734.3 379.2 464.0 609.5 861.8 472.3 366.1 372.3 484.7 464.0 472.3 293.0 529.5 357. 1 530.9 275.8 615.7 412.3 357.1 385.4 429.5 372.3 688.1 386.1 606.7 415.8 579.2 486. 1 570.9 439.9

45.9 46.3 41.3 55.0 57.5 50.0 52.0 58.8 51.2 61.0 58.0 50.3 81.0 63.3 87.0 61.3 63.3 52.3 95.0 60.5 106.5 55.0 67.3 61.6 125.0 68.5 53. 1 54.0 70.3 67.3 68.5 42.5 76.8 51.8 77.0 40.0 89.3 59.8 51.8 55.9 62.3 54.0 99.8 56.0 88.0 60.3 84.0 70.5 82.8 63.8

Elong- Reduction In area, Hardness, atlon, % % HB 32.0 33.5 34.5 28.0 22.5 26.8 22.0 22.7 25.5 21.0 21.0 24.8 22.0 2.~.5

19.7 24.5 25.5 28.2 17.7 25.7 11.7 20.2 20.8 29.0 12.2 22.0 29.0 31.3 24.0 22.3 22.7 28.6 20.7 22.0 17.5 17.2 21.8 23.0 26.3 31.3 23.5 29.0 14.0 22.5 16.0 22.2

19.7 21.7 18.8 17.3

70.0 65.9 66.8 61.0 48.5 53.9 38.0 55.5 49.3 41.0 40.4 41.3 62.9 57.3 57.3 50.8 59.5 55.6 46.8 56.9 30.8 40.2 50.7 58.4 36.3 49.9 66.7 60.3 59.2 58.8 59.2 57.3 58.7 43.7 44.8 30.6 61.0 48.4 59.7 62.1 53.5 58.9 40.4 46.4 47.9 46.4 43.4 41.1 58.1 42.1

149 143 131 192 197 174 192 201 163 212 197 167 248 207 262 197 197 156 302 197 321 197 235 163 363 217 174 149 229 197 229 167 255 197 269 197 269 197 183 149 187 156 302 212 269 201 269 229 269 241

lzod Impact strength J ft · lb 108.5 103.4 106.4 82.7 63.7 49.9 11.1 52.6 34.3 52.9 43.4 65.1 92.5 70.5 53.6 46.4 86.4 61.7 22.6 54.5 11.5 24.7 72.9 109.8 15.9 51.1 132.9 93.6 109.8 92.9 38.0 40.7 31.5 25. 1 10.8 10.0 35.5 27.4 99.7 112.2 94.6 95.2 13.6 29.4 17.6 40.0 13.6 8.8 119.3 78.6

(a) All grades are fine grained excepr for those in the II 00 series wltich are coarse-grafued. Heat treated specimens were oil quenched unless Olhetwise indicated

80.0 76.3 78.5 61.0 47.0 36.8 8.2 38.8 25.3

39.0 32.0 48.0 68.2 52.0 39.5 34.2 63.7 45.5 16.7 40.2 8.5 18.2 53.8 81.0 11.7 37.7 98.0 69.0 81.0 68.5 28.0 30.0 23.2 18.5 8.0 7.4 26.2 20.2 73.5 82.8 69.8 70.2 10.0 21.7 13.0 29.5 10.0 6.5 88.0 58.0

308

Mechanical properties of selected carbon and alloy steels in the quenched and tempered condition AlSI no. (a) 1030(b)

1040(b)

1040

1050(b)

1050

1060

Tempering temperature •F •c 205 315 425 540 650

1080

1095

1137(b)

1141

650 205 315 425 650 205 315 425 540 650 205 315 425 650 205 315 425 540 650 205 315 425 540 650 205 315 425 650 205 315 425

540 1330(b)

800 1000 1200

731 669 586 896 889 841 779 669 779 779 758 717 634 1124 1089 1000 862 717 979 938 876 738 1103 1103 1076 965

400

540 1144

800

600

540 1137

848

205

540 1095(b)

400

600

315 425 540 650 205 315 425 540 650 205 315 425 540 650 315 425 540 650 205 315 425

540

650 205 3 15

Tensile strength MPa ksi

800 1000 1200 400

600 800 1000 1200

400 600 800 1000 1200

600 800 1000 1200

400 600 800 1000 1200 400 600 800 1000 1200 400

600 800 100 1200

400 600 800 1000 1200 400

600 800 1000 1200

400 600 800 1000 1200

400 600 800 1000 1200

400 600 800 1000 1200

400 600

800 1310 1303 1289 1131 889 1489 1462 1372 1138 841 1289 1262 1213 1089 896 1082 986 876 758 655 1496 1372 1103 827 648 1634 1462 1165 896 710 876 869 848 807 724 1600 1427

123 116 106 97 85 130 129 122 113 97 113 113 110 104 92 163 158 145 125 104 142 136 127 107 160 160 156 140 116 190 189 187 164 129 216 212 199 165 122 187 183 176 158 130 157 143 127 110 95 2 17 199 160 120 94 237 2 12 169 130 103 127 126 123 117 105 232 207

Yield strength MPa ksl 648 621

94 90

519

84 75 64 96

517 441 662 648 634 593 496 593 593 552 490 434 807 793 ?58

655 538 724 655 579 469 779 779 765 669 524 979 979 951 807 600 1048 1034 958 758 586 827 813 772 676 552 938 841 731 607 483 1165 1124 986 724 531 1213 1282 1034 765 593 627 621 607 572 503 1455 1282

94 92 86 72 86 86 80 71 63 117 115 110 95 78 105

95 84 68 113 113 Il l 97 76 142 142 138 117 87 152 150 139 110 85 120 118 112 98 80 136 122 106

88 70 169 163 143 105 77 176 186 150 Ill 86 91 90 88 83 73 211 186

Elongation, % 17 19 23 28 32 16 18 21 23 28 19 20 21 26 29 9 13 19 23 28 14 20 23 29 13 13 14 17 23 12 12 13 16 21 10 II 13 15 20 10 10 12 15 21

5 10 15 24 28

5 9 14 19 25 6 9 12 18 23 17 17 18 20 23 9 9

Reduction In area, % 47 53 60 65 70 45 52 57 61 68 48 53

54 57

65 27 36 48

58 65 47 50 53 60 40 40 41 45 54 35 35 36 40 50 31 33 35 40 47 30 30 32 37 47 22 33 48 62 69 17 25 40 60 69 17 32 47 57 62 36 40 42 46 55 39 44

Hardness, HB 495 401 302 255 207 514 444 352 269 201 262 255 241 2 12 192 514 444 375 293 235 321 277 262 223 321 321 311 277 229 388 388 375 321 255 601 534 388 293 235 401 375 363 321 269 352 285 262 229 197 415 375 311 262 187 461 415 331 262 217 277 262 248 235 2 17 459 402

(a) All grades are fme grained cxcep1 for !hose in !he II 00 series which are coarse-grained. Heal treated specimens were oil quenched unless Olherwise indica!cd. (b) Waler quenched

(continued)

309

Mechanical properties of selected carbon and alloy steels In the quenched and tempered condition (continued) AISI

no. (a)

1340

4037

4042

4130(b)

4140

4150

4340

5046

50846

50860

5130

5140

5150

Tempering temperature

·c

425 540 650 205 315 425 540 650 205 315 425 540 650 205 315 425 540 650 205 315 425 540 650 205 315 425 540 650 205 315 425 540 650 205 315 425 540 650 205 315 425 540 650 205 315 425 540 650 205 315 425 540 650 205 315 425 540 650 205 315 425 540 650 205 315

•F 800 1000 1200

400 600 800 1000 1200

400 600 800 1000 1200

400 600 800 1000 1200

400 600 800 1000 1200

400 600 800 1000 1200

400 600 800 1000 1200

400 600 800 1000 1200

400 600 800 1000 1200

400 600 800 1000 1200

400 600 800 1000 1200

400 600 800 1000 1200 400

600 800 1000 1200

400 600

Yield strength MPa ksl

1158 876 731 1806 1586 1262 965 800 1027 951 876 793 696 1800 1613 1289 986 793 1627 1496 1282 1034 814 1772 1551 1248 951 758 1931 1765 1517 1207 958 1875 1724 1469 1172 965 1744 1413 1138 938 786

183 140 116 149 138 127 115 101 261 234 187 143 115 236 2 17 186 !50 118 257 225 181 138 110 280 256 220 175 139 272 250 213 170 140 253 205 165 136 114

1034 772 572 1593 1420 1151 827 621 758 765 731 655 421 1662 1455 1172 883 689 1462 1379 1193 910 703 1641 1434 1138 834 655 1724 1593 1379 1103 841 1675 1586 1365 1076 855 1407 1158 93 1 765 655

167 120 90 110 Ill 106 95 61 241 211 170 128 100 212 200 173 132 102 238 208 165 121 95 250 231 200 160 122 243 230 198 156 124

95

15 18 23 11 12 14 17 22 6 14 20 23 29 12 13 15 20 28 10 II 13 17 22 8 9 13 18 22 10 10 12 15 19 10 10 10 13 19 9 10 13 18 24

1779 1393 1082 883

258 202 157 128

1620 1248 979 793

235 181 142 115

10 13 17 22

37 47 51 60

1882 1510 1124 896 1613 1496 1275 1034 793 1793 1579 13 10 1000 758 1944 1737

273 219 163 130 234 2 17 185 150 115 260 229 190 145 110 282 252

1772 1385 1000 779 1517 1407 1207 938 689 1641 1448 1172 862 662 1731 1586

257 201 145 113 220 204 175 136 100 238 2 10 170 125 96 251 230

8 II 15 19 10 10 12 15 20 9 10 13 17 25

32 34 38 50 40 46 51 56 63 38 43 50 58

5

37 40

168 127 106 262

230

ISO 112 83 231

206

204 168 135 Ill

Elongation, %

Reduction In area, %

Tensile strength ksl MPa

53 60 63 35 43 51 58

66 38 53 60 63 60 37 42 51 59 66 41 43 49 57 64 38 43 49 58 63 39 40 45 52 60 38 40 44 51 60 25 37

so

61

66

Hardness, HB 335 263 216 505 453 375 295 252 310 295 270 247 220 516 455 380 300 238 467 435 380 315 245 510 445 370 285 230 530 495

440 370 290 520 486 430 360 280 482 401 336 282 235 560 505 405 322 273

600

6

66

525 435 350 290 475 440 379 305 245 490 450 365 280 235 525 475

(a) All grades are fine grained except for those in the 1100 series which are coarse-grained. Heartrealed specimens were oil quenched unless orherwise indicaled. (b) Warerquenched

(continued)

310

Mechanical properties of selected carbon and alloy steels In the quenched and tempered condition (continued) Tempering AISI no. (a)

5160

51860

6150

tem~rature

•c

"F

42.'i 540 650 20S 315 425 S40 650

800 1000 1200

205

400

315 425 S40 650 205 315 42.'i S40

650 81845

20.5 315 42.'i 540

650 8630

205 315 42.'i 540

650 8640

205 315 425 S40

650 86845

8650

8660

8740

9255

9260

20.5 315 425 S40

650 205 315 425 S40 650 205 315 42.'i S40 650 205 315 42.'i S40 650 205 315 42.'i S40 650 205 3 15 42.'i S40

650 94830

205 315 425 S40 650

400 600 800 1000 1200

Tensile streng!h MPa ksl

Yield streng!h MPa ksl

1448 1124 807 2220 1999 1606 116S 896

210 163 117 322

1310 1034 814 1793 1772 1462 1041

1634 1207 965 1931 1724 1434 1158 945 2034 1765 1407 1103 896 1641 1482 1276 1034 772 1862 1655 1379 1103 896 1979 1696 1379 1103 903 1937 1724 1448 1172 965

237 175 140 280 250 208 168 137 295 256 204 160 130 238 215 185 150 112 270 240 200 160 130 287 246 200 160 131 281 2.'i0 210 170 140

290

233 169 130

800

190 !50 118 260 2S7 212 151 116

Elongation, % 9 IS

20 4 9 10 12 20

Reduction In area, % 47 54 60 10 30 37 47

56

600

800 1000 1200 400 600 800 1000 1200

400 600

800 1000 1200 400 600 800 1000 1200

400 600 800 1000 1200

400 600 800 1000 1200

400 600 800 1000 1200 400 600 800 1000 1200 400 600 800 1000 1200

400 600

800 1000 1200

1489 1103 869 1689 1572 1331 1069 841 1724 1572 1310 1027 793 1503 1392 1172 896 689 1669 1517 1296 1034

800 1641 1551 1317 1034 876 1675 1551 1324 1055 827

216 160 126 245 228 193 155 122 250 228 190 149 115 218 202 170 130 100 242 220 188 150 116 238 22.'i 191 150 127 243 22.'i 192 !53 120

II

15 20 8 8 10 13 17 10 8 II

16 20 9 10 13

17 23 10 10 12 16 20 9 9 11 15 19 10 10 12 IS 20

36 44 47 38 39 43

50 58 33 42 48 53 55 38 42 47 54 63 40 41 45 54 62 31 40 41 49 58 38 40 45 51 58

410 340 270 627 555 461 341 269 600 540

460 355 290 538 483 420 345 282

550 475 405 338 280 465 430 375 310

240 505 460 400 340 280 52.'i 475 39.5 335 280

525 490 420 340 280

580 535 1634 1310 1068 1999 1717 1434 1207 986 2103 1937 1606 12.'i5 993

237 190 ISS 290 249

208 175 143 305 281 233 182 144

1551 1213 951 1655 1551 1358 1138 903 2048 1793 1489 1103 814

22.'i 176 138 240 22.'i 197 165 131 297 260 216 160 118

13 17 20 10

4 8 15 20

1503 1131 814 1551 1420 1207 931

218 164 118 225 206 175 135 105

8 12 20 12 12 13 16 21

II

13 15 20 I

37 46 53 41 46

1758 1324 979 1724 1600 1344 1000 827

255 192 142 250 232 195 145 120

724

460

24 30 43 46 49 57 65

370 315 578 495 415 363 302 601 578 477 352 285 600 540 470 390 295 475 445 382 307

69

250

50 55 60 3 10 22 32 42

400 600 800 1000 1200 400 600 800 1000 1200

Hardness, HB

(a) All gmdcs are fme grained exc1 for those in the 1100series which are coorse·grained. Hear treated specimens were oil quenched unless Olherwise indicated. (b) Water quenched

Monotonic and cyclic stres&-straln properties of selected steels

Grade( a) A538A(e) A538B(e ) A538C(e) AM-350(f) AM-350(f) Gainex(f) Gainex(f) H-11 RQC-100(() RQC-100(() 10862 1005-1009 1005-1009 1005-1009 1005- 1009 1015 1020 1040 1045 1045 1045 1045 1045 1045 1144 1144 I 54 IF I 54 IF 4130 4130 4140 4142 4142 4142 4 142 4 142 4142 4142 4142 4142 4340 4340 4340 5160 52100 9262 9262 9262 950C(g) 950C(g) 950X(g) 950X(g) 980X{g)

Orientation(b) L L L L L LT L L LT L L LT LT L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L LT L L L L

Description(c) STA STA STA HR. A CD HRsheet HRsheet Ausformed HRplate HRplate Q&T HRsheet CD sheet CD sheet HRsheet Normalized HR plate As f01ged Q&T Q&T Q&T Q&T Q&T Q&T CDSR OAT Q&T forging Q&Tforging Q&T Q&T Q&T,DAT OAT OAT Q&T Q&T and deformed Q&T Q&T and deformed Q&T and deformed Q&T Q&T HR,A Q&T Q&T Q&T SH.Q&T A Q&T Q&T HRplate HRbar Plate channel HRplate Plate channel

Hardness, HB

Tensile streng!h MPa ksl

405

1515 1860 2000 1315 1905 530 510 2585 940 930 1640 360 470 415 345 415 440 620 725 1450 1345 1585 1825 2240 930 1035 950 890 895 1425 1075 1060 1250 1415 1550 1760 2035 1930 1930 2240 825 1470 1240 1670 2015 925 1000 1565 565 565 440 530 695

460 480 496

660 290 290 430 90 125 125 90 80 108 225 225 410 390 450 500

595 265 305 290 260 258 365 310 310 335 380 400 450 475 450 475 560 243 409 350 430 518 260 280 410 159 150 150 156 225

220 270 290 191 276 77 74 375 136 135 238 52 68 60 50 60 64 90 105 210 195 230 265 325 135 150 138 129 130 207 156 154 181 205 225 255 295 280 280 325 120 213 180 242 292 134 145 227 82 82 64 77 101

'Reduction In area,

"'o 67 56 55 52 20 58 64 33 43 67 38 73 66 64 80

68 62 60 65 51 59

55 51 41 33 25 49 60 67

55 60 29 28 48 47 42 20 37 35 27 43 38 57 42 II 14 33 32 64 69 65 72

68

True strain at fracture 1.10 0.82 0.81 0.74 0 .23 0 .86 1.02 0 .40 0.56 1.02 0.89 1.3 1.09 1.02 1.6 1.14 0.96 0.93 1.04 0.72 0.89 0.81 0.71 0.52 0 .51 029 0 .68 0.93 1.12 0.79 0.69 0.35 0.34 0.66 0.63 0.54 0.22 0.46 0.43 0 .31 0.57 0.48 0.84 0 .87 0.12 0.16 0.41 0.38 1.03 1.19 1.06 1.24 1.15

Modulus of elasticity GPa 104 psi 185 185 180 195 180 200 200 205 205 205 195 205 205 200 200 205 205 200 200 200 205 205 205 205 195 200 205 205 220 200 200 200 200 205 200 205 200 200 205 205 195 200 195 195 205 205 195 200 205 205 205 205 195

27 27 26 28 26 29.2 29.2 30 30 30 28 30 30 29 29 30 29.5 29 29 29 30 30 30 30 28.5 28.8 29.9 29.9 32 29 29.2 29 28.9 30 29 30 29 29 30 30 28 29 28 28 30 30 28 29 29.6 30 30 29.5 28.2

Fatigue Fatigue Fatigue strength Fatigue ductility strength ductility coefficient, dt {d} MPa ksl exponent, b(d) coefficient, £'11~ exponent, Sdl 1655 2135 2240 2800 2690 805 805 3170 1240 1240 1780 580 5 15 540

640 825 895 1540 1225 1860 1585 1795 2275 2725 1000 1585 1275 1275 1275 1695 1825 1450 1250 1825 1895 2000 2070 2105 2170 2655 1200

2000 1655 1930 2585 1040 1220 1855 1170 970 625 1005 1055

240 310 325 406 390 117 117

460 180 180 258 84 75 78 93 120 130 223 178 270 230 260 330 395 145 230 185 185 185 246 265 210 181 265 275 290 300 305 315 385 174 290 240 280 375 151 177 269 170 141 91 146 153

-0.065 -0.071 -0.07 -0. 14 -0.102 -0.07 -0.07 1 -0.077 -0.07

-O.Q7 -0.067 -0.09 -0.059 -0.073 -0.109 -0.11 -0.12 -0.14 -0.095 -0.073 -0.074 -0.07 -0.08 -0.081 -0.08 -0.09 -0.076 -0.071 -0.083 -0.081 -0.08 -0.10 -0.08 -0.08 -0.09 -0.08 -0.082 -0.09 -0.081 -0.089 -0.095 -0.091 -0.076 -0.071 -0.09 -0.071 -0.073 -0.057 -0.12 -0.11 -0.075 -0.10 -0.08

0.30 0.80 0.60 0.33 0.10 0.86 0.86 0.08 0.66 0.66 0.32 0 . 15 0 .30 0 . 11 0. 10 0.95 0.41 0.61 1.00 0.60 0.45 0.35 0.25

O.o7 0.32 0.27 0.68 0.93 0.92 0.89 1.2 0.22 0.06 0 .45 0 .50 0.40 0.20 0.60 0.09 O.o7 0.45 0.48 0.73 0.40 0. 18 0.16 0.41 0.38 0.95 0.85 0.35 0.85 0.21

-0.62 -0.71 -0.75 -0.84 -0.42 -0.65 -0.65 -0.74 -0.69 -0.69 -0.56 -0.43 -0.51 -0.41 -0.39 -0.64 -0.51 -0.57 -0.66 -0.70 -0.68 -0.69 -0.68 -0.60 -0.58 -0.53 -0.65 -0.65 -0.63 -0.69 -0.59 -0.51 -0.62 -0.75 -0.75 -0.73 -0.77 -0.76 -0.61 -0.76 -0.54 -0.60 -0.62 -0.57 -0.56 -0.47 -0.60 -0.65 -0.61 -0.59 -0.54 -0.61 -0.53

(a) AISI/SAE grade. unless otherwise indicated. (b) Orientation of axis of specimen, relative to rolling direction: Lis longitudinal (parallel to rolling direction): LT is long transverse (perpendicular to rolling direction). (c) STA. solution treated and aged; HR. hot rolled: CD. cold drawn: Q&T. quenched and tempered; CDSR, cold drawn strain relieved; OAT, drawn at lemperature; A. annealed. (d) For use in the Manson-Coffin-Basquin strain life relationship:&: = (eVE) (Nrt + e((Nr)< where&: is strain range, E is modulus of elasticity, and Nr is number of cyc.les ro failure. (e) AS1M designation. (f) Proprietary designation. (g) SAE HSLA grade

w .... ....

312

Low-temperature impact properties of quenched and tempered alloy steels(a) Heat treatment Quenching AlSI no.

c

Mn

4320

0.21

0.74

4330

0.30

4340

Com~osltlon 1 %

0.84

0.77

0.38

Nl

Cr

Mo

·c

"F

l.S3

1.09

0.19

900

16SO

1.69

1.65

Tempering temperature •c "F

temperatur~b}

0.20

1.10

0.93

8SS

0.21

845

205

4()()

S40

1000 1200

6SO 20S 42S S40 6SO 205 425

1S75

15SO

4()()

800 1000 1200 4()()

800

S40 4360(c)

0.87

0.57

4380(c)

0.76

8620

1.62 1.67

0.91

0.20

0.89

0.60

1.08

0.22

1.11

800

0.21

0.68

790

0.20

900

1000 1200

6SO 42S 650 425 540 6SO ISO 425

147S

1450 16SO

800 1200

800 1000 1200 300

800

6SO 8630

0.34

0.77

0.66

0.62

0.22

855

1575

8640

0.45

0.78

0.65

0.61

0.20

845

1550

1200 800 1000 1200

425 S40 6SO 425

800

S40 6SO 8660(c)

0.56

8680(c)

0.70

0.81

0.76

0.67

0.81

0.56

800

0.25

0.60

0.22

790

1475

1000 1200

800

425 540 650 425

l4SO

1000 1200 800 1000 1200

S40 6SO lm~ct energ~(d}

-1ss ·c Hardness, HRC 43 33 21

so 43 35 27 52 44

38

30 48

30 49 42 31 43 36 21 41 34 27 46

38 30 47 41 30 50 42 32

(-300 "F} J tt · lb 12 II 26

9 8 19

7

s

8 23 23 15 12 20 20 7 16 5

6 17 17 II 9 IS IS 5 12 4 8

II

7 15 II 14 9 15 24 7 IS 24

5 14 22 4 5 4

s

II 8 10 7 II 18

s

II

18 4 10 16 3 4 3

-130 "C (-200 "F} J tt · lb 23 22 47 19 14 23 47 20 18 24 38 7 20 7 II 15

17 16 3S 14 10 17 35 15 13 18 28 5 IS 5 8 II 16 13

-75 •c {-100 "F} J tt · lb 25

37

38

28

54

108

80 16 14 23 45 20 16

122 27 26 41 72

22 19 31 61 27

22

12 20 28 10 IS

30

22

66

8 16 24 5 7 8

6 12 18 4

14 20 34 7 14 IS

18 115 16 27 38 14 20

85

s

6

J

34

38 75 14 34 II 14 26 31 27 145 23 58 100 19 33

22

-20 "C {0 "F}

28 55 10 25 8 10 19 23 20 107 17 43 74 14 24 49 10 IS 25 5 10 II

28 28 47 75 15 57 12 16 45 47 47 IS6 34 72 108 27

54 8S 18 27 73 12 19 34

tt · lb 27 40

90 20 19 30 53 21 21 35 55 II 42 9 12 33 35 35 liS 25 53 80 20 40 63 13

20

54 9 14 25

40 "C (100 "!:} J 38 61 122 27 28 46 76 28 34 49 75 19 58 14 20 52 47 61 IS9 42 73 Ill 31

54 89 22 41 81 14 23

54

tt · lb 28 45 90 20 21 34 56 21 25 36 55 14 43 10 15 38 35 45 117 31 54 82 23 40

Transition temperature {50% brittle} •c "F - 55 - 115

-65 - 17S

20 - 80 - 120

70 - 110 - 185

-90 - 120

- 130 - l 8S

- 80

- 110

15 -45

60 -50

-30 - 125 -20 - lOS - 110

-195 0 - ISS - 165

...ao

-20

-95

-110 -140

60

-25 -70

-10 -90

10 17 40

-3S

-30

66 16 30

(a) Induction furnace laboralocy beats nonnnlized before hardening and tempering. (b) Specimens 1.14-<:m· (0.4S·in.·) square ban were quenched in oil. (c) Higher than Slandard carbon cootent. (d) Owpy V-n(l(Ch values scaled from curves

313

Typical mechanical properties of normalized alloy steel sheet Tensile stren9!h ln.

MPa

ksl

Yield strength{a} MPa ksl

0.193 0.180 0.080

835 1725 1860

121 250 270

585 1240 1345

Thickness Grade

mm

4130 4335(c) 4340(c)

4.9 4.6 2.0

85 180 195

Elongatlon(b), %

Hardness, HAC

14 8

25 48

7

so

(a) At 0.2% offset. (b) In SO mm or2 in. (c) Modified: 0.40% Mo. 0.20% V

Approximate upper limit of strength at which selected steels are currently used Tensile strength

Yield strength

Applications

Type

MPa

ksl

MPa

ksl

Low-alloy steel

1720

250

2070

300

5Cr-Mo-V

1650

240

2000

90

Stainless steel Manen.sitic Age lwdenoble Manensitic Exrm-low-carbon, age hardenable manensitic Cold-rolled austenitic

1100

160

1240

180

Bolts and rivets

1170

170

1310

190

Oamps and btackets

1690 1240

245 180

1770 1380

257 200

Semi-austenitic

1520

220

1620

235

Honeyoomb structures

High·alloy steels 18'1> Ni maragin& 9Ni-4Co Matrix

1790

259

2070

300

Fasteners and shafts

1650 2000

240

1930 2480

280 360

Axles and shall in&

290

Landing gear components Airframe strucnues

Missile llllllmge for liquid propellant

314

Heat Treating

Effect of mass on hardness of normalized carbon and alloy steels Normalizing temperature Grade Carbon steels, carburlziog grades lOIS 1020 1022 1117 1118 Carbon steels, direct-hardening grades 1030 1040 1050 1060 1080 1095 1137 1141 1144

.,

Alloy ~1eels, carburizlng grades 3310 4118 4320 4419 4620 4820 8620 93 10 Alloy steels, direct-hardening grades 1340 3140 4027 4063 4130 4140 4150 4340 5140 5150 5160 6150 8630 8650 8740 9255

·c

•F

925 925 925 900 925

1700 1700 1700 1650 1700

126 131 143 143 156

925

1700 1650 1650 1650 1650 1650 1650 1650 1650

~

900 900 900 900 900 900 900 890 910 895 955

900 860

915 890 870 870 905 870 870 870 870 870 870 870 860

870 870 870 870 900

13(112)

Hardness, HB, for bar with diameter, mm (ln.), of: 25(1) 50(2)

100(4)

143 137 143

116 126 137 137 137

116 121 131 126 131

156 183 223 229 293 302 201 207 201

149 170 217 229 293 293 197 201 197

137 167 212 223 285 269 197 201 192

137 167 201 223 269 255 192 201 192

1630 1670 1640 1750 1650 1580 1675 1630

269 170 248 149 192 235 197 285

262 156 235 143 174 229 183 269

262 143 212 143 167 223 179 262

248 137 201 143 163 212 163

1600 1600 1660 1600 1600 1600 1600 1600 1600 1600 1575 1600 1600 1600 1600 1650

269 302 179 285 217 302 375 388 235 262 285 285 201 363 269 277

248 262 179 285 197 302 321 363 229 255 269 269 187

235

235 241 156 277 163 241 293 321 217 241 255

121 131

302

269 269

248 163 285 167 285 311 341 223 248 262 262 187 293 262 269

255

255

187 285 255

269

315

Typical normalizing temperatures for standard carbon and alloy steels Based on production experience, nonnalizing temperature may vary from as much as 27 oc (50 oF) below to as much as 55 oc (1 00 0 F) above indicated temperature. The steel should be cooled in still air from indicated temperature Grade

·c

Tem~erature

•F

Plain au"boo steels

1015 1020 1022 1025 1030 1035 1040 1045 1050 1060 1080 1090 1095 111'7 1137 1141 1144

•c

Tem2!rature

•F

Standard alloy steels (eontinued)

915 915 9 15 900 900 885 860 860 860 830 830 830 845 900 885 860 860

1675 1675 1675 1650 1650 1625 1575 1575 1575 1525 1525 1.525 1550 1650 1625 1575 1575

900 870 870 870 870 92.5 900 900 900 870 870 870 870 925 900 870 870 870 870 870 870 870 925 870 870 925 925 92.5 925 925 92.5

1650 1600 1600 1600 1600 1700 1650 1650 1650 1600 1600 1600 1600 1700 1650 1600 1600 1600 1600 1600 1600 1600 1700 1600 1600 1700 1700 1700 1700 1700 1700

Stand a rd a lloy steels

1330 1335 1340 3135 3140 3310 4027 4028 4032 4037 4042 4047 4063 4118 4130 4135 4137 4140 4142 4145 4147 41 50 4320 4337 4340 4520 4620 4621 4718 4720 4815

Grade 4817 4820 5046 5120 5130 5132 5135 5140 5145 5147 5150 5155 5160 6118 6120 6150 8617 8620 8622 8625 8627 8630 8637 8640 8642 8645 8650

8655 8660 8720 8740 8742 8822 9255 9260 9262 9310 9840 9850 50840 50844 50846 50850 60860 81845 86845 948 15 94017 94830 94040

925 925 870 925 900 900 870 870 870 870 870 870 870 925 925 900 925 925 925 900 900 900 870 870 870 870 870 870 870 925 925 870 925 900 900 900 925 870 870 870 870 870 870 870 870 870 925 925 900 900

1700 1700 1600 1700 1650 1650 1600 1600 1600 1600 1600 1600 1600 1700 1700 1650 1700 1700 1700 1650 1650 1650 1600 1600 1600 1600 1600 1600 1600 1700 1700 1600 1700 1650 1650 1650 1700 1600 1600 1600 1600 1600 1600 1600 1600 1600 1700 1700 1650 1650

316

Approximate critical temperatures for selected carbon and low-alloy steels

Steel

·c

1010 1020 1030 1040 10.50 1060 1070 1080 1340 3140 4027 4042 4 130 4 140 4 1.50 4340 4615 .5046 5120 5140 5160 52100 61.50 8115 8620 8640 9260

724 724 727 727 727

Critical temperatures on heating at 28 •cJh (50 •FJh} Ac Ac •F ·c 1335 1335 1340 1340 1340 1340 1340 1345 1320 13.55 1340 1340 1395 1350 1370 1335 1340 1320 1410 1360 1310 1340 1380 1330 1350 1350 1370

m 727 729 716 73.5 727 727 757 732 743 724 727 716 766 738 710 727 749 721 732 732 743

877 846 813 793 768 746 732 735 777 766 807 793 8 10 804 766 774 810 771 838 788 766 768 788 838 829 779 81 6

•F

•c

1610 1555 1495 1460 1415 1375 1350 1355 1430 1410 1485 1460 1490 1480 14 10 1425 1490 1420 1540 1450 1410 1415 1450 1540 1525 1435 1500

849 8 16 788 7.57 74 1 727 710 699 721 721 760 732 754 743 729 710 760 732 799 727 716 716 743 788 768 727 749

Critical temperatures on cooling at 28 •c Jh (50 •FJh) Ar Ar •F ·c 1560 1500 14.50 1395 1365 1340 1310 1290 1330 1330 1400 1350 1390 1370 1345 1310 1400 13.50 1470 1340 1320 1320 1370 1450 1415 1340 1380

682 682 677 671 682 685 691 693 621 660 671 654 693 679 671 654 649 682 699 693 677 688 693 671 660 666 7 13

•F 1260 1260 12.50 1240 1260 126.5 1275 1280 11.50 1220 1240 1210 1280 1255 1240 1210 1200 1260 1290 1280 12.50 1270 1280 1240 1220 1230 13 15

Recommended temperatures and cooling cycles for full annealing of small carbon steel forgings Data are for forgings up to 75 mm (3 in.) in section thickness. nme at temperature usually is a minimum of 1 h for sections up to 25 mm (1 in.) thick; 112 h isaddedforeach additional25 mm (1 in.) of thickness Annealing temperature Steel 1018 1020 1022 102.5 1030 103.5 1040 1045 10.50 1060 1070 1080 1090 1095

·c

•F

8.55·900 855-900 855·900

1575· 16.50 1575-1650 1575-1650 1575-1650 1550- 162.5 1.5.50-162.5 14.50- 1600 14.50· 1600 14.50-1600 14.50·15.50 14.50·15.50 1450-1.550 14.50..1.525 1450·1525

855·900 845·885 845-885 790-870 790-870 790-870 790-845 790-845 790-845 790-830 790·830

(a) FurMCe cooling at 28 •CJh (50 °F/h)

Cooling c~cl~a}

From

To

From

To

Hardness range, HB

855

705 700 700 700 650 650 650 650 6.50 6.50 6.50 650 6.50

1575 1575 1575 1575 15.50 15.50 14.50 14.50 14.50 14.50 14.50 14.50 14.50 1450

1300 1290 1290 1290 1200 1200 1200 1200 1200 1200 1200 1200 1200 12 15

11 1- 149 11 1-149 111 · 149 111· 187 126- 197 137-207 137·207 156-217 15&.211 156-211 167-229 167-229 167·229 167-229

·c 855 855 855 845 845 790 790 790 790 790 790 790 790

•F

655

317

Recommended annealing temperatures for alloy steels (furnace cooling) Annealing temperature

Steel

·c

1330 1335 1340 1345 3140 4037 4042 4047 4063 4130 4135 4137 4140 4145 4147 4150 4161 4337 4340 50840 50844 5046 50846 50850 50860 5130 5132 5135

845-900 845-900 845-900 845-900 815-870 815-855 815-855 790-845 790-845 790-845 790-845 790-845 790-845 790-845 790-845 790-845 790-845 790-845 790-845 815-870 815-870 815-870 815-870 815-870 815-870 790-845 790-845 8 15-870

•f 15.50-1650 1550- 1650 1550- 1650 1550- 1650 1500-1600 1500-1575 1500-1575 14.50-1550 14.50-1550 14.50-1550 1450-1550 1450-1550 1450-1550 1450- 1550 1450- 1550 1450- 1550 14.50-1550 14.50-1550 14.50- 1550 1500-1600 1500-1600 1500-600 1500-1600 1500-1600 1500-1600 14.50-1550 14.50-1550 1500-1600

Hardness (max), HB 179 187 192 187 183 192 201 223 174 192 197 207 2 12

223 187 197 192 192 201 217 170 170 174

Steel 5140 5145 5147 5150

5155 5160 51860 50100 51100 52100 6150 81845 8627 8630 8637

8640 8642 8645 86845 8650 8655 8660 8740 8742 9260 94830

94840 9840

·c

Annealing temperature

8 15-870 815-870 815-870 815-870 815-870 815-870 815-870 730-790 730-790 730-790 845-900 845-900 815-870 790-845 815-870 815-870 815-870 815-870 815-870 815-870 815-870 815-870 815-870 815-870 815-870 790-845 790-845 790-845

•f 1500-1600 1500-1600 1500-1600 1500-1600 1500-1600 1500- 1600 1500- 1600 1350-1450 1350-1450 1350-1450 1550-1650 1550-1650 1500-1600 1450-1550 1500-1600 1500-1600 1500-1600 1500-1600 1500- 1600 1500-1600 1500- 1600 1500- 1600 1500-1600 1500-1600 1500-1600 1450-1550 14.50-1550 1450-1550

Hardness (max), HB 187 197 197 201 2 17 223 223 197 197 2(17

201 192 174 179 192 197 201 207 207 212 223 229 202 229 174 192

201

318

Recommended temperatures and time cycles for annealing of alloy steels Austenltlzlng temperature Steel

•c

·F

·c From

Conventional cooling( a) Temperature •F Cooling rate From To •cJh •FJh To

To obtain a prtdominantly pearlilk slructure(c) 1340 830 1525 735 610 1350 2340 800 1475 655 555 1210 800 1475 655 550 2345 1210 3120(d) 885 1625 3140 830 1525 735 650 1350 830 1525 705 645 3150 1300 3310(e) 870 1600 1525 745 640 4042 830 1370 1525 735 630 4047 830 1350 1525 695 630 4062 830 1280 4130 855 1575 765 665 14 10 4140 845 1550 755 665 1390 1370 4150 830 1525 745 670 885 1625 4320(d) 4340 830 1525 705 565 1300 1625 4620(d) 885 4640 830 1525 715 600 1320 4820(d) 5045 830 1525 755 665 1390 1625 5120(d) 885 5132 845 1550 755 670 1390 1525 740 670 5140 830 1360 1525 705 650 5150 830 1300 52100(1) 6150 830 1525 760 675 1400 8620(d) 885 1625 8630 845 1550 735 640 1350 1525 725 640 8640 830 1340 8650 830 1525 710 650 1310 1525 700 655 8660 830 1290 8720(d) 885 1625 645 8740 830 1525 725 1340 8750 830 1525 720 630 1330 9260 860 1575 760 705 1400 9310(e) 870 1600 1280 9840 ~30 1525 695 640 9850 830 I525 700 645 1290 To obtain a predominantly ferrilic and spheroidl:ted carbide stru~lure 1320(d) 805 1480 1340 750 1380 735 610 1350 715 1320 655 555 1210 2340 2345 715 1320 655 550 1210 3120(d) 790 1450 745 1370 735 650 1350 3140 645 1300 3150 750 1380 705 745 1370 695 640 nso 9840 9850 745 1370 700 645 1290

Time, h

Isothermal method(b) Cool to Hold,

•c

·F

12 12.7

620 595 595

650 660 660

1150 1100 1100 1200 1225 1225 1100 1225 1225 1225 1250 1250 1250 1225 1200 1200 1150 1125 1225 1275 1250 1250 1250

1130 1030 1020

II 8.3 9.1

20 15 15

1200 1190

II II

20 20

7.5 5.5

1180 1170 11 70 1230 1230

II II

1240

8.3 20 14 8.4

20 20 15 35 25 15

9.5 9 7.3 5 6.4 8.6

1050

8.3

15

16.5

1110

7.6

15

15

650 650 620

20

8

605 660

1.5 6 5

690 675 675 675

II

595

660 660 660 675 675 675

660

1230 1240 1240 1200

II

II II II

20 20 20

1250

8.4

15

1180 1180 1200 1210

II II 8.4 8.4

20 20 15 15

1190 1170 1300

II 8.4 8.4

20 15 15

1.5 10.7

1180 1190

8.4 8.4

15 15

6.6 6.7

1130 1030 1020

5.5 5.5 5.5

10

1200 1190 1180 1190

5.5 5.5 5.S 5.5

10 10 10 10

10

10

10 8.5

8 7.2

8

~7

22 18 19 15 II II

11

675 660 660 660 650 650

660 660 660 660 595 650 650 650 640

605 605 650

660 660 650 650

Hard· ness (approx),

h

HB

4.5 6 6 4

183 201 201 179 187 201 187 197 207 223 174 197 212 197 223 187 197 192 192 179 183 187 201

6 6 14 4.5

5 6 4 5

6

6 8 6 8 4

4..5 4 6 6 6

1250 1225 1225 1225 1200 1200 1225 1225 1225 1225 1100 1200 1200

6 4 6 6 8 8 4 7 7 6 14 6 8

201 187 192 197 212 229 187 201 217 229 187

1200 11 80 1125 11 25 1200 1225 1225 1200 1200

8 8 10 10 8 10 10 10 12

170 174 192 192 163 174 187 192

207 223

207

(a) The steel is cooled in the fumacem the indicnled mce through the temperature range shown. (b) Thesreel is coo led rapidly to the rempemrure indicated and is held a1 thatleiDpefliiUre forthetlmespeci£1ed. (c) ln isOiherrnal annealing to obtain pcarlitic structure. steels may be austenitizcdm temperatures up to 70"C (125 "F)higherthan temperatures listed. (d) Seldom annealed. Structures of better machinability are developed by normaliZing or by transfonning isolhermally after rolling or forging. (e) Annealing is impractical by the convemional

process ofcontinuous slow cooling. The lower transformmion temperature is markedly depressed. and eKoessively long cooling cycles are required to obtai11transformation to pearlite. (f) Predominantly pearlitic structures are seldom desired in this steel

319

Austenltlzlng temperatures for direct-hardening carbon and alloy steels (SAE) Steel Carboa steels 1025 1030 1035 1037 1038(a) 1039(a) 1040(a) 1042 t043(a) 1045(3) 1046{a) 1050(a} 1055 1060 1065 1070 1074 1078 1080 1084 1085 1086

•c

Temperature

•f

1095

855-900 845-870 830-855 830-855 830-855 830-855 830-855 800-845 800-845 800-845 800-845 800-845 800-845 800-845 800-845 800·845 800-845 790-815 790-815 790-815 790-815 790-815 790-8 15 790-815(b)

1575- 1650 1550-1600 1525- 1575 1525- 1575 1525- 1575 1525- 1575 1525-1575 1475- 1550 1475-1550 1475- 1550 1475- 1550 1475-1550 1475- 1550 1475-1550 1475- 1550 1475- 1550 1475- 1550 14-50-1500 1450-1500 1450-1500 1450·1500 1450-1500 1450-1500 14S0.1500(b)

.Free-aalllng carbon steels 1137 1138 1140 1141 1144 1145 1146 1151 1536 1541 1548 1552 1566

830-855 815·845 815-845 800-845 800-845 800-845 800-845 800·845 815·845 815-845 815-845 815·845 855-885

1525-1575 1.500-1550 1.500-1550 1475- 1550 1475 -1550 1475 -1550 1475 -1550 1475-1550 1500-1550 1500-1550 1500- 1550 1.500-1550 1575- 1625

830-855 815-845 815-845 8 15-845 815-845 830-855 830-855 815-855 800-845

1525-1575 1500- 1550 1500-1550 1500- 1550 1500-1550 1525- 1575 1525- 1575 1500-1575 1475-1550

1090

Alloy steels 1330 1335 1340 1345 3140 4037 4042 4047

4063

Steel Alloy steels (continued) 4130 4135 4137 4140 4142 4145 4147 4150 4161 4337 4340 50840 50844 5046 50846 50850 50860 5130 5132 5135 5140 5145 5147 5150 5155 5160 51860 50100 51100 52100 6150 81845 8630 8637 8640 8642 8645 86845 8650 8655 8660 8740 8742 9254 9255 9260 94830 94840 9840

·c

Teme!reture

815-870 845-870 845-870 845-870 845-870 815-845 815-845 815-845 815-845 815-845 815-845 815-845 815-845 815-845 815-845 800-845 800-845 830-855 830-855 815-845 815-845 81.5-845 800-845 800-845 800-845 800-845 800-845 775-SOO(c) 775-SOO(c) 775-800(c) 845-885 815-855 830-870 830-855 830-855 815-855 815-855 815-855

815-855 800-845 800-845 830-855 830-855 815-900 815·900 815-900 845-885 845-885 830-855

•F 1.500-1600 1550-1600 1550-1600 1550-1600 1550-1600 1.500-1550 1.500-1550 1.500-1550 1.500-1550 1.500-1550 1.500-1550 1500-1550 1500-1550 1.500-1550 1.500-1550 1475-1550 1475- 1550 1525· 1575 1525- 1575 1.500-1550 1.500-1550 1500· 1.550 1475-1550 1475-1550 1475-1550 1475-1550 1475-1550 1425-1475(c) 1425-1475(c) 1425- 1475(c) 1550-1625 1500- 1575 1525-1600 1525· 1575 1525-1575 1.500-1575 1.500-1575 1.500-1575 1.500-1575 1475-1550 1475-1550 1525-1575 1525-1575 1.500-1650 1.500-1650 1.500-1650 1550-1625 1559- 1625 1525-1575

(a)Conunonly used on parts where induction hW"deni ng is employed. All steels rrom SAE 1030 up may have induclion hW"dening applications. (b) This temperature range may be employed for 1095 steel that is to be quenc.hed in water. brine or oil. For oil quenching, I 095 steel may alternatively be austenilized in the range 815 to 870 •c(I SOO to 1600 • F). (c) This range is recommended forstee1that is to be water quenched. For oil quenching, steel should beaustenitized in the range 815 to870 •C(lSOOto 1600 "F)

320

Reheating (austenltlzlng) temperatures for hardening of carburlzed carbon and alloy steels (SAE)(a) Steel

·c

Tem~rature

•F

Carbon Sleds

1010 1012 1015 1016 1017 1018 1019 1020 1022 1513 1518 1522 1524 1525 1526 1527 Free-cutting carbon steels 1109 IllS

1117 11 18

Steel

·c

Temperature

OF

Alloy steels

760-790 760-790 760-790 760-790 760-790 760-790 760-790 760-790 760-790 760-790 760-790 760-790 760-790 760-790 760-790 760-790

1400-1450 1400-1450 1400-1450 1400- 1450 1400-1450 1400-1450 1400-1450 1400-1450 1400-1450 1600-1650 1600-1650 1600-1650 1600- 1650 1600- 1650 1600-1650 1600-1650

760-790 760-790 760-790 760-790

1400-1450 1400-1450 1400-1450 1400-1450

33 10 4320 4615 4617 4620 4621 4626 4718 4720 4815 4817 4820 8115 8615 8617 8620 8622 8625 8627 8720 8822 93 10

(a) Carburizing is commonly carried out at900 to 925 OC ( 1650 to 1700 • F); slow cooled and reheated to given austenitizing temperature

79().830 830-845 8 15-845 815-845 815-845 815-845 815-845 815-845 815-845 800-830 800-830 800-830 845-870 845-870 845-870 845-870 845-870 845-870 845-870 845-870 845-870 790-830

1450-1525 1525-1550 1500-1550 1500-1550 1500-1550 1500-1550 1500-1550 1500-1550 1500-1550 1475-1525 1475-1525 1475-1525 1550-1600 1550-1600 1550-1600 1550-1600 1550-1600 1550-1600 1550-1600 1550-1600 1550-1600 1450-1525

321

Typical hardnesses of various carbon and alloy steels after tempering Data were obtained on 25-mm {1-in.} bars adequately quenched to develop full hardness

Grade

Carbon content, %

·c 2os

"F 400

260 500

Hardness, HRC1 after tempering for 2 h at: 370 315 425 480 540 595 sso •c 700 600 800 900 1000 1100 1200 •f

Heat treatment

Carbon steels, water hardening 1030 50 0.30 1040 0.40 51 1050 0.50 52

45 48 50

43 46 46

39 42 44

31 37 40

28 30 31

25 27 31

22 22 29

95{a) 94(a) 22

Nonnnliz.ed at900 •c (1 650 •F); water quenched from 830 to 845 •c ( 1525to 1550 " F); average dew point, 16• cc60 • FJ

1060 1080 1095

0 .60 0.80 0.95

56 51 58

55 55 57

50 50 52

42 43 41

38 41 43

37 40 42

35 39 41

33 38 40

26 32 33

Normalized at885 •c (1625 • F): water quenched from800to 815 •c (1475to I.500 °F); average dew point. 1 •c (45 •F)

1131 1141 1144

0.40 0.40 0.40

44 49 55

37 41 45

33 38

50

40 43 41

39

30 34 32

21 28 29

21 23 25

9J(a) 94(a) 97(a)

Nom1alizcd at 900 •c ( 1650 •F): water quenched from 830 to 855 •c (1525 to 1515 •F): average dew point. 13 •c (55 •F)

Alloy steels, water hardening 41 0.30 2330 0.30 47 3 130 41 0.30

44 44 44

42 42 42

38 38 38

35 35 35

32 32 32

26 26 26

22 22 22

16 16 16

Normalized at900 •c ( 1650 •F): water quenched from 800 to 815 •c C1415 to 1500 •F): average dew point. J6 •Cc60 •F>

41 41 41

45 45 45

43 43 43

42 42 42

38 38 38

34 34 34

32 32 32

26 26 26

22 22 22

Normalized at 885 •C(I625 °F): water quenched from800 to 855 •c (1475to 1515 •f): average dew point. I6 °C (60 ° F)

51 55 51

53 52 53

50 49 50

46 41 47

44 41 45

41 37 41

38 33 36

35 30

33

31 26 29

Normalized at 870 OC ( 1600 •F): oil quenched from 830 to 845 •c (1525 to 1550 °F): average dew point. J6 •cc60 •F)

8740

0.40 0.40 0.40

55 52 51

52 51 53

50 50 50

48 41 41

45 42 44

42 40 41

39 31 38

34 31 35

31 27 22

Nonnali1.ed at 870 °C ( I600 •F): oil quenched from 830 to 845 •c ( 1525 to 1575 •F): average dew point. 13 •c (55 •F)

4150 5150 6150

0.50 0.50 0 .50

56 51 58

55 55 57

53 52 53

51 49 50

41 45

46 39 42

43 34 40

39 31 36

35 28 31

Normalized at870 •c ( 1600 • F): oil quenched from830to 870 •c (1525to 1600 °1:-l : average dew point, 13 •c (55 • F)

8650 8150 9850

0 .50 0 .50 0.50

55 56 54

54 55 53

52 52 51

49 51 48

41 44 41

31 39 36

32 34 33

28 32 30

Normalized at870 •c (1600 • F): oil quenched from 815 to 845 •c (1500 to 1550 °F); average dew point. l:l •c (55 •F)

mo

41 30 5130 8630

0.30 0 .30 0 .30

Alloy steels, oil hardening 1340 0.40 3 140 0.40 4140 0.40 4340

4640

(n) Hardness. HRB

42

46

46 45

46 45

322

Machining Machinability ratings of plain carbon steels, percent of cutting speed forB 111211212 Grade(a) 1005 1006 1008 1010 lOll 1012 1013 1015 1016 1017 1018 1019 1020 1021 1022 1023 1025 1026 1029 1030 1035 1037

Machinability rating,%

HB


Grade(a)

45 50 55

9.'5

55

105

1038 1039 1040 1042

105

1043

Ill 12 1 116 126 131 121 131 137 121 126 143

1045

95

65 60 60 60 70(b) 60 70(b)

53

55 53 60 70 65 70 70 65 70 70 65

65 75 68 70 65 65

55 65(c)

1046

55 65(c) 45 55(c) 45 55(c) 55 55(c) 52 60(d) 60(d) 60(d) 48

1049 1050 1053 1055 1059 1060 1064 1065 1066

149 163 167

HB


Grade( a)

163 179 170 179 179 179 179 179 170 187 179 197 187 197 189

1069 1070 1074 1075 1078 1080 1084 1085 1086 1090 1095 1524 1527 1536 1541

197

1547

183 183 187

1548

48 55(d) 55(d) 48 55(d) 4.'5{d) 45(d) 45(d) 45(d) 45(d) 45(d) 60 65 55

45 60(c) 40 45(c) 45 50(c) 50(c)

1552

HB 192 192 192 192 192 192 192 197 197 163 163 187 207

184 207 187 217 192 193

(a) Unless OOierwise indicated, all values are for cold drawn steels. (b) Normalized and cold drawn. (c) Annealed nnd cold drawn. (d) Spheroidized and cold drawn

Machinability ratings and recommended feeds and speeds for cold-drawn carbon steel bars(a) Steel grade

Machinability Width of ratlng(b), % cut, ln.

Form turning Speed, ftlmln.

Feed, lpr

Single-point turning Depth of Speed, Feed, cut, in. ftlmin . ipr

Size of hole, in.

Drilling Speed, ftlmln.

Feed, ipr

12LI4

158

0.500 1.000 1.500 2.000 2.500

260 240 240 235 230

0.0033 0.0028 0.0027 0.0020 0.0016

0.12.'5 0.250 0.375 0.500

260 240 235 230

0.0093 0.0088 0.0071 0.0060

0.250 0.500 0.750 1.000 1.250

145 145 160 160 165

0.0060 0.0066 0.0077 0.0088 0.0099

1213

136

0.500 1.000 1.500 2.000 2.500

225 210 210 205 200

0.0030 0.0025 0.0025 0.0018 0.0015

0.125 0.250 0.375 0.500

225 210 205 200

0.0085 0.0080 0.0065 0.0055

0.250 0.500 0.750 1.000 1.2.'50

125 125 140 140 145

0.0054 0.0060 0.0010 0.0080 0.0090

1119. 12 12

100

0.500 1.000 1.500 2.000 2.500

165 160 160 155 150

0.0025 0.0020 0.0018 0.0015 0.0012

0. 125 0.250 0.375 0.500

165 160 155 150

0.0070 0.0065 0.0055 0.0045

0.250 0.500 0.750 1.000 1.250

105 105 11.'5 11.'5 120

0.0045

0.500 1.000 1.500 2.000 2.500

155 150 ISO 146 141

0.0023 0.0019 0.0017 0.0014 0.0011

0. 125 0.250 0.375 0.500

155 150 146 141

0.0066 0.0061 0.0052 0.0042

0.250 0.500 0.750 1.000 1.250

99 99 108 108 113

0.0042 0.0047 0.0056 0.0066 0.0076

1211

94

(a) All cuningspeeds and feeds based on cutting with high·speed steel tools. (b) Based on a m:~ehinabilityrntingof 100% for 1212 steel

(continued)

o:ooso 0.0060 0.0070 0.0080

323

Machinability ratings and recommended feeds and speeds for cold-drawn carbon steel bars(a) (continued) Steel grade 1117. 1118

1144. annealed

1141, annealed

1016. 1018. 1022

1144

1035, 1141 . 1050, annealed

Form turning Speed, ft/min.

Feed,

0.500 1.000 1.500 2.000 2.500

150 145 145 141 136

0.0022 0.0018 0.0016 0.0014 0.0011

0.125 0.250 0.375 0.500

0.500 1.000 1.500 2.000 2.500

140 136

132 127

0.0021 0.0017 0.0015 0.0013 0.0010

0.125 0.250 0.375 0.500

0.500 1.000 1.500 2.000 2.500

135 130 130 127 122

0.0020 0.0017 0.0015 0.0012 0.0010

0.1 25 0.250 0.375 0.500

0.500 1.000 1.500 2.000 2.500

130 125 125 121 117

0.0019 0.0016 0.0014 0.0012 0.0009

0.125 0.250 0.375 0.500

0.500 1.000 1.500 2.1)()() 2.500

125 121 121 117 113

0.0019 0.0015 0.0014 0.0011

0.125 0.250 0.375 0.500

0.0009

12.7

585

0.043

3.18

585

0.12

25.4 38.1 50.8

0.036 0.033 0.028

6.35 9.53 12.7

570 550 535

63.5

570 510 550 535

0.020 0.038 0.030 0,028 0.023 0.018

3.18 6.35 953 12.7

Machinability Width of ratlng(b), % cut, ln. 91

85

81

78

76

70

136

lpr

1o4o

64

12.7 25.4 38.1 50.8 63.5

535 515 515 500 485

1045

57

12.7 25.4 38.1 50.8 63.5

485

0.036

460 460

0.030

445 430

0.023 0,018

455 440

0.028

1050

54

12.7 25.4 38.1 50.8

63.5

0.025

0.036

440

0.025

425 410

0.020

Single-point turning Feed, Depth of Speed, cut, ln. ft/mln. lpr 150 145 141 136

140 136 132 127

135 130 127 122

130 125 121 117

0.0064 0.0059 0.0050 0.0041

0.0059 0.0055 0.0047

0.0040

0.0057 0.0053 0.0045 0.0037

0.0055 0.0051 0.0043 0.0035

Size of hole, ln.

Drilling Speed, ftlmln .

0.250 0.500 0.750 1.000 1.250

95 95 105 105 119

0.250 0.500 0.750 1.000 1.250

89 89 98 98 102

0.0040

0.250 0.500 0.750 1.000 1.250

86 86

0.0040 0.0045 0.0054 0.0063 0.0072

0.250 0.500 0.750 1.000 1.250

82 82

0.250 0.500 0.750 1.000 1.250

94 94

98

Feed,

lpr 0.0041 0.0045 0.0055

0.0064 0.0073

0.0045 0.0055

0.0064 0.0070

0.0038 0.0043 0.0052

90 90

0.0060

94

0.0068

79

87 87

0.0037 0.0042 0.0050 0.0058

91

0.0066

6.35

370

0.086

0. 11 0.097 0.079

12.7 19.05 25.4 31.75

370 405 405 425

0.097 0.11 0.13 0.16

535 515 500 485

0.11 0.10 0.086 0.071

6.35 12.7 19.05 25.4 31.75

340 340 370 370 385

0.081 0.089 0.11 0.12 0. 14

3.18 6.35 9.53 12.7

485

0.066

6.35 12.7 19.05 25.4 31.75

305 305 330 330 345

0.071 0.079

445 430

0. 10 0.094 0.079

0.11 0.13

3.18 6.35 9.53 12.7

455 440 425 410

0097 0.089 0.076 0.061

6.35 12.7 19.05 25.4 31.75

290 290

0.001 0.079

315 315

0.094

125 121 117 113

460

0.0052 0.0049 0.0041 0.0034

0.018

(a} All cutting speeds and feeds based oncuuing with high-speed steel tools. (b) Based on a machinability rating of 100% for 1212 steel

79

330

0.094

0.11 0.13

324

Machinability ratings for alloy steels

Grade 1330 1335 1340 1345 4012

4023

4024 4027 4028 4032 4037 4042 4047 4118 4130 4135 4137 4140 41L40 4142 4145 4147 4150 4161 4320 4340 E4340 4419 4422 4427 4615

Machinability rating(a) 55 (b) 55 (b) 50 (b) 45 (c) 70(c) 70(c) 75 (c) 70(c) 75 (b) 70(b) 70(b) 65(b) 65(b) 60(c) 70(b) 70(b) 70(b) 65(b) 85(b) 65(b) 60(b) 60(b) 55 (b) 50(d) 60{e) 50{d) 50{d) 65(b) 65(c) 65(b) 65(c)

Typical hardness range, HB 179-235 179-235 183-241 183-241 149-196 156-207 156-207 167-212 167-212 174-217 174-217 179-229 179-229 170-207 187-229 187-229 187-229 187-229 187-229 187-229 187-235 187-241 187-241 187-229 187-241 187-241 170-212 170-212 170-212 174-2'23

Grade

Machinability rating(a)

Typical hardness range, HB

65(c) 65(c) 60(c) 70(c) 60(c) 65 (c) 50(e) 50(e) 50(e) 65{c) 65(b) 65(b) 60(b) 60(b) 55(b) 55(d) 55(d) -6 5{c) 70{c) 70(b) 70(b) 70(b) 65(b) 65 (b) 65 (b) 60(b) 55 (b) 55 (d) 55(d) 40(d) 40(d)

174-223 183-229 183-229 170-212 187-229 187-229 187-229 187-229 187-229 156-196 174-223 174-223 174-223 174-223 183-235 170-212 170-212 163-201 163-201 174-212 174-212 179-217 179-217 179-229 179-229 183-235 183-235 179-217 179-217 183-241 183-241

4617 4620 4621 4626 47 18 4720 4815 4817 4820 5015 50840 50844 5046 50846 50850

5060 50860 5115 5120 5130 5132 5135 5140 5145 5147 5150 5155 5160 51860 50100 51100

Grade 52100 6118 6150 8115 81845 8615 8617 8620 86L20 8622 8625 8627

8630 8637 8640 8642

8645 86845 8650

8655

8660 8720 8740 8822 9254 9255 9260 9310 94815 94817 94830

Machinability rating(a) 40(d) 60(c) 55 (d) 65 (c) 65 (b) 70{C) 70(c) 65 (c) 85{0 65(c) 60(b) 60(b) 70(b) 65 (b) 65 (b) 65 (b) 65 (b) 65 (b) 60(b) 55 (b) 55 (d) 65(c) 65(b) 55(d) 45 (d) 40(d) 40(d) 50(e) 70(c) 70(c) 70(b)

Typical hardness range, HB 11!3-241 179-217 183-241 163-202 179-223 179-235 179-235 179-235 179-235 179-223 170-223 179-229 179-229 184-229 184-229 184-235 184-235 187-248 187-248 179-217 179-235 184-235 179-223 187-241 179-229 184-235 184-229 163-202 163-202 170-223

(a) All ratings apply to cold-finished bars. (b) Microstrucrurecompo5ed primarily of lamellar pearlite and ferrite. (c) Microstructure composed primarily of blocky or acicular pearlite and bainire, as found in hot rolled sreels. (d) Microstructure compound primarily of spheroid ire. (e) Microstructure resulting from subcritical anneal. {f) Microstructure 001 specified

Machinability ratings for cold-drawn alloy steel bars(a) Steel grade 1330 1335 1340 1345

4023 4024

4027 4028 4037 4047 4118 4130 41 37 4140 4142 4145 4147 4150 4 161 4320 4340 4615

Condition before drawing Annealed Annealed Annealed Annealed Hot rolled Hot rolled Annealed Annealed Annealed Annealed Hot rolled Annealed Annealed Annealed Annealed Annealed Annealed Annealed Spheroidized Annealed Annealed Hot rolled

Machinability ratlng(b), %

Steel grade

55 55

4620 4626 4720 4815 4817 4820 5015 50844 50846 50850 50860

so

45 70 75 70

15 70 65 60 70 70 65 65 60

5120

60

5130 5 132 5 135 5140 5150

55

SISS

50 60 50 65

5 160 51860 51100 52100

Condition before drawing Hot rolled Hot rolled Hot rolled Annealed Annealed Annealed Hot rolled Annealed Annealed Annealed Spheroidized Hot rolled Annealed Annealed Annealed Annealed Annealed Annealed Spheroidized Spheroidized Spheroid!zed Spheroidized

Machinability ratlng(b), %

Steel grade

65 70 65 50 50 50

6118 6150 81845 8615 8617 8620 8622 8625 8627 8630 8637

65 65 60

55 55 70 70 70 70 65 60

55 55 55 40

8640 8642 8645

8655 8720 8740 8822 9260 94817 94830

Condition before drawing Hot rolled Annealed Anne.' led Hot rolled Hot rolled Hot rolled Hot rolled Annealed Annealed Annealed Annealed Annealed Annealed Annealed Annealed Hot rolled Annealed Hot rolled Spheroidized Hot rolled Annealed

Machinability ratlng(b), % 60

55 65 70 70 65

65 60 60 70 65 65 65 65

55 65

65 55 40 70 70

40

(a) Soun:e: AJSI Committee of Hot Rolled and Cold Finished Bar Producers. (b) Based on cutting with high-speed tool steels and a machinabiliryrnting of l()()i,l, for 1212 steel

325

Conditions recommended for various machining operations on wrought steels of different hardness levels Material Hardness, Type of Grade( a) condltlon(b) tool(c) HB 12L13

HR.N. A. C D

150.200

41L40

HR,N,A.CO

200-260

1030

HR.N.A.CD

175-225

4140R

HR.N. A,CD

200-250

8620

HR, A,CD

175-225

1060

HR.N.A.CD

175-225

4140

HR. A. CD

175-225

4340

HR. A. CD

175-225

HII

A

225-300

4340

N, Q&T

275-325 375-425

4340

Q&T

Broach

Tap

HSS Carbide

40(d)

15

HSS

25(d)

65

20(d)

6S

20(d)

55

20(d)

55

20(d)

55

20(d)

45

Carbide HSS Carbide HSS Carbide HSS Carbide HSS Carbide HSS Carbide HSS Carbide HSS Carbide

20(d)

45

20(d)

30

HSS

15(d)

25

Carbide HSS Carbide

8(d)

12

Deep drill I 55(e) 275(d) I IO(e) 2SO(e) 90(h) 200(d) 95(h) 200(h) 80(h) 200(d) 85(b) 200(d) SO(h)

200(d) 80(h) 200(d) 65(h) 200(d) 55(1) ISO(d) 30(d) IOO(h)

Bore

Fonncut

Drill

Plane

Tum

End mill

165(1) 615(h) IOO(t) 380(h) 95(1) 3SO(h) 85(1) 345(h) 85(d) 320(h) 85(f) 325(h) 75(f) 295(h) 75(1) 295(h) 55(g) 260(h) SS(g) 240(f) 30(d) ISO(g)

165(g) 525(1) 90(d) 3 10(g) 85(d) 275(g) 75(d) 270(g) 75(d) 250(g) SO(d) 265(g) 65(d) 225(g) 65(d) 225(g) SO(n) 17.5(d) 50(n) 175(d) 30(n) IIO(d)

130(h)

95(i) 300(k) 65(i) 290(k) 60(i) 2SO(k) 55(i) 300(k) 55(i) 250(k) 60(m) 250(k) 50(i) 240(k) SO(i) 240(k) 45(i) 200(k) 35(m) JSO(i)

195(j) 700(1) 120(j) 4750) 95(j) 400(1) 90(j) 430(1) I lOG) 440(1) 90(j) 395(h) 90(j) 400(1) 90(j) 400(1) 65(h) 350(1) 60(j) 330(j) 35(h) 225(j)

185(1) 490(h) 140(g) 400(1) 120(g) 375(1) 125(g) 375(1) 90(g) 365(f) 115(g) 375(1) 90(g) 350(f) 90(g) 350(1) IIS(g) 300(f) 6S(g) 240(g) 45(d) 140(d)

90(1) 75(h) 80(1) 65(h) 70(h) 6S(h) 65(h) 50(1) 45(g) 25(d)

(a) L. lead-bearing grade: R, resulforized steel. (b) HR, hot rolled: N. nonnalized: A, annealed: CD. cold drawn: Q & T. quenched and remperod. (c) Dimensions of cut as follows: tap, deep drill and drill: 0.5-in. diarn hole; bore and end mill: 0.05-in. deep cut: fonn cut: 0.5-in. wide cut: plane: 0 . JO-in. deep cut: rum: 0.15-in. deep cut. (d) Chip load in broaching or feed in milling: 0.003 to 0.004 in.ltooth; feed in other operations: 0.003 to 0.004 ioJrev. (e) Feed: 0.0 12 in.trev. (f) Feed: 0.007 10 0.008 in .!rev. (g) Feed: 0.005 to 0 .006 in/rev. (b) Feed: 0.009to0.010 in.lrev. (i) Feed: 0.05 inJstroke. (j) Feed: O.QI5 inJrev. (k) Feed: 0.08 inJstroke. (I) Feed: 0.020 inJrev. (m) Feed: 0.03 inJstroke. (n) Feed: 0.001 100,002 inJrev

326

Forming

Typical mechanical properties of steel sheet

Type or quality Hot rolled Coi11JllefCial Drawing (rimmed) Drawing (special killed) Medium strength High-strength Cold rolled Commercial Orawing (rimmed) Orawing (special killed) Interstitial free Medium strength High strength

Special feature

Yield streng!h MPa ksl

Tensile strength MPa ksl

60

30 35 40 25

55 50 50 70

620

90

IS

90

317

46

310 296 317 483 724

45 43

35 45 40 45 25 10

45 40 40 4.5 85 25(a)

Srandard properties Improved propenies Non-aging Inclusion shape control Inclusion shape control

262 1AI 241 345

38 35 35 50

359 345 345 414

552

80

Improved finish Strelehability Deep drawing Extra deep drawing Formable Moderntcly fonnable

234

34 30 25 22 60

207

172 152 414 689

tOO

Strain-hardening Elongation exponent, lnSOmm Hardness, or21n.,% HRB n

52 50 50

46

70 105

Plastic strain

ratio, rm

0.15 0.18 0.20 0. 15

0.9 1.0 1.0 0.9

0.20 0.24 0.22 0.24 0.20

1.0 1.2 1.6 2.0 1.2

(a) Hanloess. HRC

Minimum bend radii for selected plain carbon and low-alloy steel sheet materials

Product

Production description(a) Quality temper or strength level

Cold rolled 100811010 1008/1010 1008/1010 1008/1010 1008/1010

CQ DQ No. 3(b) No.2(c) No. l(d)

Hot rolled 1008/1010

CQ

100811010 Annealed 102011025 4130.8630 1070. 1095 ASTM A607 (HSLA)

DQ

Thickness

Minimum bend radius Parallel to rolling Across rolling direction direction 0.25 mm (0.01 in.) 0.25 rnm(O.OI in.)

<2.25 mm (<0.09 in.) >2.25 mm (>0.09 in.) <2.25 mm(<0.09 in.) >2.25 mm (>0.09 in.)

It

0.51

NR NR

NR

0.751

0.51

It

l.St

It

0.51

0.25/ 0.51

0.151 11to2t 1.5tto2t

345 MP:! (50 ksi) 4 15 MP3(60 1:si) 480 MP3 (70 ksi)

211031 1.5t 31 4t

(a) CQ. coi11JllefCinl quality; DQ. drawing quality; t. sheet thiclmess; I'
lt 21 3t

327

Suggested minimum Inside bend radii for SAE J410c steels of various strengths and thicknesses

Grade 942X 945A,945C 945X 950A,950B, 950C,950D 950X 955X 960X

965X 970X 980X(a)

Min bend radius for thickness t of <4.6 mm 4.6 to 6.4 mm 6.4 to 12.7 mm (<0.180 ln.) (0.180 to 0.250 ln.) (0.250to 0.500 ln.) I

2t 21

2.51 2t 31

2.51 31 3.51 41 4.51 4.51

2.51 31 3.51 41 4.51 4.51

I

1.51 2t

2.51 31 3.51 3.51

2t

(a) Available only in lhicknesses to 9.5 mm (0.375 in.)

Specified bend test radii for inclusion shape-controlled ASTM A715 steel sheet

Grade 50 60 70 80

Bend test radius for Transverse Longitudinal bends(a) bends(a) 0.51 0.51 0.751 0.751

(a) For sheetlhickness r up to 5.84 mm (0.2299 in.)

0 0 0.51 0.51

Overview 26281t

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