El Filibusterismo 4v5i5t

El Filibusterismo

Book Background

Characters          

Simoun - Crisóstomo Ibarra disguised as a wealthy jeweler, bent on starting a revolution to get revenge on the people who had accused him wrongly. Disguised as the top adviser of the Captain-General. Basilio - The eldest of Sisa's two sons, now an aspiring doctor whose medical education was being financed by Capitan Tiago. He is now at the point of graduation during the events in the novel. Isagani - Poet and Basilio's best friend; portrayed as emotional and reactive; Paulita Gómez' boyfriend before being dumped for fellow student Juanito Peláez Kabesang Tales - Telesforo Juan de Dios, a former cabeza de barangay of Sagpang, a barangay in San Diego's neighboring town Tiani, who resurfaced as the feared Luzón bandit Matanglawin (Tagalog for "Hawkeye"); Don Custodio - Custodio de Salazar y Sánchez de Monteredondo, a famous "journalist" who was asked by the students about his decision for the Academia de Castellano. In reality, he is quite an ordinary fellow who married a rich woman in order to be a member of Manila's high society. Paulita Gomez - The girlfriend of Isagani and the niece of Doña Victorina, the old Indio who es herself off as a Peninsular, who is the wife of the quack doctor Tiburcio de Espadaña. In the end, she and Juanito Peláez are wed, and she dumps Isagani, believing that she will have no future if she marries him. Macaraig - One of Isagani's classmates at the University of Santo Tomas. He is a rich student and serves as the leader of the students yearning to build the Academia de Castellano. Father Florentino - Isagani's godfather, and a secular priest; was engaged to be married, but chose to be a priest after being pressured by his mother, the story hinting at the ambivalence of his decision as he chooses an assignment to a remote place, living in solitude near the sea. Juli - Juliana de Dios, the girlfriend of Basilio, and the youngest daughter of Kabesang Tales. To claim her father from the bandits, she had to work as a maid under the supervision of Hermana Penchang. Eventually, she was freed but committed suicide after Father Camorra attempted to rape her. Juanito Pelaez - The son of Don Timoteo Pelaez, a Spanish businessman, he is also one of the of Macaraig's gang who wish to have the Academia de Castellano built. He is considered by Isagani as his rival to Paulita Gomez, the woman whom he fell in love and wed in the end. Placido Penitente considers him as a "good for nothing" classmate.

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Doña Victorina - Victorina delos Reyes de Espadaña, known in Noli Me Tangere as Tiburcio de Espadaña's cruel wife. She is the aunt of Paulita Gomez, and favors Juanito Pelaez than Isagani. Although of Indio ideology, she considers herself as one of the Peninsular. Father Camorra - The parish priest of Tiani, San Diego's adjacent town. He has been desiring young women ever since. He nearly raped Juli causing the latter to commit suicide. Ben-Zayb - The pseudonym of Abraham Ibañez, a journalist who believes he is the "only" one thinking in the Philippines. (Ben-Zayb is an anagram of Ybanez, an alternate spelling of his name.) Placido Penitente - A student of the University of Santo Tomas who was very intelligent and wise but did not want, if not only by his mother's plea, to pursue his studies. He also controls his temper against Padre Millon, his physics teacher. Hermana Penchang - Sagpang's rich pusakal (gambler). She offers Huli to be her maid so the latter can obtain money to free Kabesang Tales. Disbelieving of Huli and her close friends, she considers herself as an ally of the friars. Tiburcio de Espadaña - Don Tiburcio is Victorina de Espadaña's lame husband. He is currently on hiding with Father Florentino. Father Írenë - Captain Tiago's spiritual adviser. Although reluctant, he helped the students to establish the Academia de Castellano after being convinced by giving him a chestnut. The only witness to Captain Tiago's death, he forged the last will and testament of the latter so Basilio will obtain nothing from the inheritance. Quiroga - A Chinese businessman who dreamed of being a consul for his country in the Philippines. He hid Simoun's weapons inside his house. Don Timoteo Pelaez - Juanito's father. He is a rich businessmen and arranges a wedding for his son and Paulita. He and Simoun became business partners. Tandang Selo - Father of Kabesang Tales. He raised the sick and young Basilio after he left their house in Noli me Tangere. He died in an encounter on the mountains with his son Tales. Father Fernández - The priest-friend of Isagani. He promised to Isagani that he and the other priests will give in to the students' demands. Sandoval - The vice-leader of Macaraig's gang. A Spanish classmate of Isagani, he coerces his fellow classmates to lead alongside him the opening of the Spanish language academy.

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Hermana Báli - Another gambler in Tiani. She became Huli's mother-figure and counselor; helped to release Kabesang Tales from the hands of bandits. Pasta - One of the great lawyers of mid-Hispanic Manila, opposed the students' demands for a Spanish language academy Father Millon - The Physics teacher of the University of Santo Tomas. He always becomes vindictive with Placido and always taunts him during class. Tadeo - Macaraig's classmate. He, along with the other three of their gang, supposedly posted the posters that "thanked" Don Custodio and Father Irene for the opening of the Academia de Castellano. Leeds - An American who holds stage plays starring decapitated heads; he is in good friends with Simoun. Tano - Kabesang Tales's elder son after his older sister, Lucia died in childhood. He is currently one of the Guardia Civil. He then returned under the name Carolino after his exile in Caroline Islands. Pepay - Don Custodio's supposed "girlfriend". A dancer, she is always agitated of her "boyfriend"'s plans. She seems to be a close friend of Macaraig. Gobernador General- The highest-ranking official in the Philippines during the Spanish colonial period, this unnamed character pretends that what he is doing is for the good of the Indios, the local citizens of the country, but in reality, he prioritizes the needs of his fellow Spaniards living in the country. Pecson - Basilio's classmate who had no idea on the happenings occurring around him. He suggested that they held the mock celebration at the panciteria. Father Hernando de la Sibyla- A Dominican friar introduced in Noli Me Tangere, now the vice-rector of the University of Santo Tomas Father Bernardo Salvi- Former parish priest of San Diego, now the director and chaplain of the Santa Clara convent. Captain Tiago - Santiago delos Santos, although making a cameo appearance, Captain Tiago is Maria Clara's father and the foster-father to Basilio. His health disintegrates gradually because of the opium he was forced to smoke given to him by Father Irene. Maria Clara - Introduced in Dr. Rizal's first novel "Noli Me Tangere". She was once the girlfriend of Crisostomo Ibarra but chose to became a nun despite Father Damaso's arguments. She eventually died, as witnessed by Basilio when he visited the convent of Santa Clara; this propelled Simoun to expedite his plans for revolution.

Chapter 1: On the Upper Deck

Characters: Simoun, Doña Victorina, Ben Zayb, Don Custodio, Padre Irene, Sibyla, Camorra, and Salvi.  steamship Tabo sailing on the Pasig River on its way to Laguna  talk about how slow the traveling speed of the boat was  talke about regarding the lake and how trade channels could be made Here we see the diversification of people groups in society. People who are upper class (e.g. Spanish) were found on the upper deck whilst other races were considered lower class and fund on the lower deck

Chapter 2: On the Lower Deck

Characters: Basilio, Isagani, Don Basilio  Basilio and Isagani talk to Don Basilio about starting a Spanish academy.  The 2 students are very optimistic about the success of their plan (get permit from Father Irene)  Don Basilio thinks otherwise

This part of the ship is where people from the lower rungs of the social ladder were allocated. Conditions down this area differed immensely from the upper decks.

Chapter 3: Legends

Characters: Padre Florentino, Padre Salvi, Ben Zayb, Simoun  Characters on the upper deck converse and amuse each other by exchanging tales about the interesting places and spots along the river bank  Padre Florentino: Dona Jeronima  Padre Salvi: A Chinese infidel who was saved from the caymans by asking St. Nicholas for help  Ben Zayb consults the captain and asks where Ibarra was killed Here you will see the disappearance of the ancestral belief in spirits and superstitions, only to be replaced by modern (but even more bothersome) superstitions such as pan religion.

Chapter 4: Cabesang Tales

Characters: Cabesang Tales, His Family, His Father, Juli, Hermana Penchang  Tales wife and eldest daughter die  Upon harvesting crops, religious order demands for annual rent  Tales agrees to the demands however, because of the increase in the amount needed to be paid yearly. He ended up not being able to handle it.  Tales goes to court and asks for proof whether this “religious order really owns the land. He loses the case.  He was abducted by bandits who later on hold him for ransom  Insufficient cash amount. Juli borrows money from Hermana Penchang. In return, she works for the Hermana as a servant.

Maria Clara (in the Noli Me Tangere) became a nun after she was not allowed to marry Ibarra. She gave a locket to a leper who later gave it to Basilio after he treated the leper. Basilio, in turn, offered the locket to his sweetheart, Juli (Juliana)

Chapter 5: A Cochero’s Christmas Eve

Characters: Cochero Driver, Basilio  A cochero driver was beaten up by the Guardia Civil because he forgot his cedula (residence certificate)  This incident delayed Basilio from arriving in San Diego  Basilio goes to Capitan Tiago’s house and later learns about the abduction of Cabesang Tales *Basilio is one of Capitan Tiago’s trusted men. *The assets and properties of Ibarra were taken by the government and the church and were sold to a few people. Capitan Tiago was the one who purchased the forest of Ibarra. It was that forest which was cared for by the man who died of old age.

Chapter 6: Basilio

Characters: Basilio  At Christmas eve, Basilio enters the forest previously owned by the Ibarra family but has been sold to Capitan Tiago.  In the middle of the forest stands a balete tree, where he visits the grave of his mother Sisa and a stranger (Elias).  He re that thirteen years ago, a second stranger (Ibarra) had helped him cremate and bury his mother and the stranger.  Through Capitan Tiago’s help, he is now studying to be a doctor and plans to marry his sweetheart, Juli.

Chapter 7: Simoun Character: Basilio, Simoun (Crisostomo Ibarra)    

Basilio is about to leave the forest when he notices the presence of another being He realizes who the person was: Simoun (Cisostomo Ibarra) Simoun convinces Basilio to cooperate in his plans of avenging the death of his mother (Sisa) and brother (Crispin) Revenge will not bring back the dead

Symbolisms  The dark forest symbolizes the many secrets kept by Simoun from the public.  Basilio symbolizes the Filipino youth, whom Rizal (through Simoun) advises to be more nationalistic (i.e., love your own language, fight for your country’s freedom) Lessons Learned  People who are so different will cling to their own beliefs. Simoun wants a bloody revolution, while Basilio prefers to search for knowledge because this will lead to the attainment of justice.  Knowledge is better than politics/nationalism. (Basilio)  The above point can be attained only in an environment where there is neither oppressor nor oppressed. To achieve such an environment, only has to change the present system even if it requires a bloody revolution. (Simoun)  One’s painful past (Basilio’s) can be set aside by some people. Others (Simoun), however, will never rest until they have their revenge.  If you cannot stop a corrupt government, then it and help it spread its corrupt ways until the oppressed people rise up in revolt. (Simoun’s strategy)

Chapter 8: Merry Christmas

Characters: Juli, Hermana Penchang, Tata Selo, Cabesang Tales  It is Christmas day and Juli wakes up early to pack her things to go to Hermana Penchang.  She forgets to greet his grandfather Tata Selo a Merry Christmas.  After Juli leaves, Tata Selo is preoccupied with thoughts of his pretty granddaughter with her delicate hands working as a servant, of his son Cabesang Tales still held by bandits, and of being alone on Christmas day.  Dwelling on all these misfortunes, he discovers that he has become dumb.

Chapter 9: Pilates

Characters: Tata Selo, Alferez, Friar, Cabesang Tales, Bandits  The gossip about the misfortunes of Tata Selo and his family spreads around town, and a number of people are claiming that they are not to blame for these misfortunes.  The alferez of the guardia civil says that he was just following a government order to collect all firearms in town.  The friar who has taken over Cabesang Tales ' s comments that if Tales had remained at home, he would never have been abducted by the bandits.  Hermana Penchang merely says that God brought down hardships on Tata Selo’s family because they had not taught Juli to pray properly

Chapter 10: Wealth and Want

Characters: Simoun, Cabensang Tales  Simoun visits Cabensang Tales house to sell jewelry to inhabitants of San Diego  Cabensang thinks twice before allowing the sell-off of his daughter’s locket  Next day, Simoun finds that his revolver has been stolen and news circulates around town that 3 individuals have been murdered: Friar & the New tenant and his wife  Word “Tales” was found written in blood next to the tenant’s dead wife

Chapter 11: Los Banos

- December 31st - Capitan heneral tried hunting in bosoboso while being accompanied by a band he was not able to shoot any birds or deers in the forest - Local government officials wanted to "suck up" to the capitan heneral by making someone dress up as a deer - Capitan heneral returns to los banos after the unsuccessful hunt - Capitan heneral, padre sibyla, padre irene, and padre camorra play cards - Padre camorra leaves because the two priests were deliberately losing the game to make the Capitan Heneral happy, so that they may obtain the ruling they want regarding the school. simoun takes over - Dominicans dominated schools, they were in competition with the jesuits, and are against the plans to build a school - Padre sibyla is a rector at UST - Youth were counting on padre irene to their plan - Padre fernandez, despite being a dominican, is in favor of the new school - Simoun orders his servant to transport his jewelry through a boat on the lake while he carries the more expensive treasures because he planned to meet the rebels, and intended to give some of his treasures to the leader of the bandits or tulisans, as proof that he trusts them - Rizal makes fun of sabong or cockfighting, in hopes that he stirs the social conscience of the filipinos. *The size of the arena, money spent on bets rather than on education or tuition, cages of cocks are sometimes nicer than the homes of the sabungeros

Chapter 12: Placido Penitente

-after 4 years of schooling in UST, he was no known or noticed by his teachers -disillusioned because he was bright and wished to learn -ired in his hometown for his intellect -placid meaning peaceful. penitent meaning one who suffers in silence -Pelaez hinted that padre camorra had his way with women in tiyani and that juli would eventually fall into his hands -most of the youth of that time did not learn anything because they didnt bring books, the classrooms were too big, too many students, teachers held the students in low-esteem, and there were too many no class days

Chapter 13: Physics Class

-padre millon *contempuous of both subject matter and students *asks questions but does not like to be asked *takes pleasure in the failings of students and gets peeved when they are able to answer *forces students to blindly memorize lessons which he does not explain well *curses at students *uses broken spanish in class as a way of disrespecting students who he considers ignorant -students cannot learn much in the physics classroom because there are no pictures, equipment, or notes on the blackboard -Placido's behavior is like that of a typical filipino - a pacifist who prefers to suffer in silence. will sacrifice and keep quiet just to avoid trouble, but when pushed too far, is capable of getting openly angry and taking action. -rizal's principles of teaching: *class sizes should be small *teachers should not humiliate students *teachers should be technically competent about the subject matter being taught, and he/she should teach with love *Too many vacation breaks can ruin the momentum of a student, and can make them seek nonacademic forms of recreation

Chapter 14: A Student’s Lodging House -owned by macaraig, a rich and nationalistic student -students want to learn spanish in their first year of college so that they can easily learn their lessons -Isagani is the epitome of the idealistic and honorable Filipino youth. He would rather get the of others (i.e., Señor Pasta) through legitimate means rather than by appealing to their baser nature -Pelaez is opportunistic, Machiavellian, and easily switches sides when the going gets rough. He voices his for his fellow students, but when threatened with the possibility of being called a subversive, he wavers -Pecson is the skeptical pessimist. He always thinks things through -Sandoval is a Spaniard who s the Filipinos (This is Rizal’s way of showing that in an academic setting, political and racial barriers do not matter) -they were told by macaraig that padre irene is with them in their cause and that they need don custodio, one of the heads of the school, on their side

Chapter 15: Senor Pasta

-a lawyer who also works as a consultant for the friars -thinks only of himself, and is willing to be nationalistic only after everyone else becomes patriotic first -called the philippines a "land of proposals" (all you have are plans and no action) -advises Isagani to just study well, earn a decent living, get married, and avoid getting into trouble -Since he earns money from the friars, he hesitates to accede to the students’ wish that he help advise and convince Don Custodio to the Spanish school -symbolizes the filipinos who wish to remain conquered by the spaniards while isagani symbolizes idealism

Chapter 16: Travails of a Chinaman

-quiroga *a chinese businessman who wants to open a chinese consulate in the philippines and head it as a consul *invites people whom he knows despises him and talks behind his back to a dinner party above his bazaar in Escolta *smiles at his guests while secretly despising them deep inside *keeps his indio wife locked in a room much like chinese women *wanted to get the good graces of a woman because she had a government official "wrapped around her finger", so he offers her three pieces of jewelry to choose from. unfortunately, she chooses all three, so now quiroga owes simoun P9,000 -after the dinner, simoun arrives -businessmen complain about the poor economic environment and hint that Simoun should ask the Kapitan Heneral to do something about it -Don Timoteo Pelaez complains about corruption in customs (adwana) -instead of asking for the entire sum, simoun only asks for P7,000. he also asks Quiroga to send moneyborrowing soldiers and government officials to him. He further instructs Quiroga to send those owing Quiroga money to Simoun instead. And lastly, Simoun asks Quiroga to store some rifles in Quiroga’s warehouse. -Don Custodio talks about a commission sent to India to study the Shoe Program for soldiers. No shoes for indio soldiers. Spanish soldiers may wear shoes.

Chapter 17: The Quiapo Fair

-it is the month of january -the twelve people leave the house of quiroga and make their way through the quiapo fair, towards the tent of mr. leeds -describes the lewd behavior of Padre Camorra, who ogles the young lasses. He gets more excited when he sees the beautiful Paulita Gomez, escorted by the overly jealous Isagani and Doña Victorina -The slightly tipsy group visits various stalls in the fair, and they make fun of each other by saying that such-and-such sculpture looks like so-and-so -Padre Camorra and Ben Zayb talk about a display called “The Philippine Press”, but they think the word “press” refers to the flat iron held by a disheveled old woman -after seeing a picture of someone who looks like simoun, that's when they realize he's no longer with the group -La Prenza Filipina (the philippines press) represented the state of journalism in the philippines: old/old-fashioned, blind in one eye/lack of truth in reporting, dirty -“Abaca Country”: The Filipinos in the Philippines, a land of abaca, are tied by foreigners using abaca, a natural resource of the country

Chapter 18: Deceptions

-mr. leeds meets the twelve people and allows them to inspect the tent and equipment used o display the sphinx -mr. Leeds brings the ashes to life by shouting “Deremof!", which is an anagram of he word freedom -Imuthis, the Sphinx, comes to life and narrates his lifestory. His life is similar to that of Ibarra: # Both studied abroad. # Both got into trouble with the religious orders. # Both had a foe who was a priest, who was in love with their girlfriend. # Both had a girlfriend who was the daughter of a priest. # Both “died” in a lake. # Both their girlfriends were raped in a temple/convent by their enemy priest. # Both returned to their country to seek revenge/justice. # Both returned under a different identity: Imuthis became “The Sphinx” while Ibarra became “Simoun” -padre salvi saw the parallelism and felt alluded to when the sphinx called him a murderer -Cambyses in the story of the Sphinx represents their failed government. To cover this fact up, both governments went after them -Simoun is a good friend of Mr. Leeds. In the previous chapter, Simoun was nowhere to be found in the Quiapo fair. He probably slipped away early enough to set-up the tent, so that he can give Padre Salvi the scare of his life -the image of the sphinx was produced by mirrors that were hidden in the legs of the table which ed the Sphinx -mr. leeds goes straight back to hong kong after the show just in case padre salvi decided to do something to him

Chapter 19: The Fuse

-primary objective of simoun are revenge and the rescue of maria clara. country and revolution are only secondary interests -placido penitente *son of cabesang andang, an ignorant mother who sent her to school just so that she can proudly tell others that she has a schooled son *was sent away from UST, losing the chance to ever study again (UST was the only university at that time) -the former professor was exiled because he wanted to teach well, and thus became the target of the church and government which wanted to keep the indios ignorant -the arhritic spaniard ed forces with simoun because he wanted to seek revenge on the priests who sent him to jail so that they could have his beautiful wife -Simoun found out that Maria Clara was dying. All the preparation and planning went down the drain because Simoun became emotional *The phoenix is one of a kind, just as Maria Clara is the only woman for Simoun -don rafael and elias were not in favor of simoun's methods. Don Rafael always went for doing what’s good for the country while Elias was for revolution, but only if the motivation behind it involved nationalism and justice -simoun's motivation for revolution was revenge -placido was aware of the coming revolution, and he wanted to quickly send his mother back to the province. That’s why he acted as if he readily agreed with what she said to him the following day; otherwise, there’ll just be a long discussion and that will keep his mom in the city longer

Chapter 20: The Arbitrator

-don cusodio was nicknamed "buena tinta" by ben zayb because he was believed to be an expert when it comes to writing papers -how don custodio got a glowing reputation: 1. He’s a Spaniard who’s close to the powers that be. 2. He was able to impress Ben Zayb 3. He married a rich mestiza. 4. He’s very industrious, especially when it comes to engaging others in debate. -don custodio had a difficult time deciding on the students' proposal regarding the school because he was torn between giving the students a chance, and pleasing the Dominicans of UST -treats indios like a father who unwittingly holds his children back (this prevents them from progressing) -he is against praising indios because they might become overconfident, boastful, and rebellious which will create problems for the government and priests -he is a dangerously deceptive person, because what he does is different from what he holds in his mind

Chapter 21: Manila Types

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The people of Manila gathered in Teatro de Variadades to watch Mr. Jouay’s Les Cloches de Corneville. Such was the show’s popularity that there were no more tickets to be sold by seven thirty. Even Father Savlvi’s ticket had been sold also. While the others were scuffling tickets, Camaroncocido and Quico were in discussing the people. Apparently, Don Custodio and Father Salvi had opposed such shows. Half of those who’re attending came because the friars had opposed it, and it is their way of protesting; while the other thought that since the friars were against it, it must be good for them. As Camaroncocido wandered around town, he had eavesdropped on the rebellion. But he shrugged it off. Among the spectators was Tadeo, who was bragging to an Indian of how well he knows the people present: civil governors, vice governors, judges, lawyers, merchants and doctors. If he does not know them, he would just invent a name, title and how he met them. The novice Indian believed every thing he had said since he delivered them as if he was telling the truth. The two them met Macaraig and the other students, who invited them inside. However, the Indian, fearing he would intrude, excused himself and did not the group.

Chapter 22: The Performance 

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The Captain-General arrived late, delaying the performance. Don Custodio, despite his protest against it, still went to watch, reasoning that he is there to judge the show and that his conscience is clear. The students themselves gathered in the box. Juanito Pelaez pretended he knows French in order to impress Juanito Pelaez. Tadeo became excited when he learned that the performers are going to dance the cancan. Isagani was jealous of Juanito, and thought of challenging him the following day. However, Isagani is not aware that Paulita jealous of the performers, for she is second-guessing who among them Isagani had fallen for. After Macaraig returned to the box, he broke the news to the group that their project of putting up a Spanish Academy had been approved. However, their plan should be placed in charge on one of the religious corporations. Furthermore, they were also entrusted with the collection of dues and contributions. In the eyes of the students, they have become taxcollectors. Despite their disappointment over the decision, they were advised by Father Irene to hold a banquet to celebrate the event, a public demonstration thanking all of the persons who were involved in the affair. When the second act started, all of them rose and left the theatre, not mindful of what others might think

Chapter 23: A Corpse  Basilio just stayed at Captain Tiago’s house after rescuing Juli from servitude. He was reading some medical books when Simoun arrived. He noticed that Basilio had not touched the pamphlet he had given him. This somehow disappointed Simoun, but nevertheless, he offered Basilio another chance.  He revealed that the revolution will take place that night, and if anyone who is not with them, is against them. Basilio is given the choices future or death. Basilio eventually relented to the threat and asked what he must do.  Simoun instructed him to rescue Maria Clara from the convent since it is only Basilio, Simoun and Captain Tiago who recognize her. He further explained that it is only through a revolution that the gates of the nunneries will open. It is then that Basilio revealed that Maria Clara had fallen ill several days earlier and just died at six that afternoon. Simoun initially refused to believe but he was convinced after Basilio showed him a letter by Father Salvi about Maria Clara’s death. Captain Tiago wept all evening. Simoun ran away, lamenting that Maria Clara died without even knowing he still lives.

Chapter 24: Dreams  The following morning, Paulita and Isagani had arranged to meet up at Malecon. Isagani was hoping for an explanation from her why Juanito Pelaez was with her on the night of the performance. However, he was surprised when Paulita immediately aired her frustrations of Isagani not noticing her at the theatre and instead, kept his eyes on the cochers all night.  But nevertheless, Isagani was happy for she was forgiven by Paulita. She revealed that she was forced by her aunt so Dona Victorina can be closed with Juanito Pelaez because the Dona is in love with him. In fact, she plans to call the civil guard once he is found dead or alive. Otherwise, she has to wait ten years to remarry.  Their conversation led to Isagani’s hometown, which he described with such pride. However, Paulita does not share his ion for she heard that leaches abound the mountains that surrounds Isagani’s home. She declared she would only travel by carriage or railway train. To this, Isagani was optimistic that in a few years time, the country would be crossed with network of trains.  Once again, Paulita does not share the optimism of Isagani. This hurt Isagani for if they did accomplished nothing, one look at Paulita and Isagani would gladly die.

Chapter 25: Smiles and Tears  At the Panciteria de Macanista de Buen Gusto¸ fourteen students were celebrating the approval of their petition to put up a Spanish Academy. There was a lot of merry-making but it was clear that the students were just pretending.  While eating the pancit lang-lang, the group joked of offering Don Custodio the bones as first-fruits. Clearly, they were very disappointed over his decision. They also agreed Father Irene should be offered the stew made of pork, the lobster pie to the friars and named it “friar pie”, and the stewed pansit to the government.  Tadeo, being the most oratorical of them all, was asked to deliver a speech. However, he had not prepared one and so decided to use a speech he recalled. Sandoval also ed it and accused him of plagiarism. Their discussion continued with mockery of the friars and the government. Later on, they’ve noticed that they were being watched.

Chapter 26: Pasquinades

 Basilio was on his way to the hospital when he saw his fellow students rejoicing and telling him that classes have been suspended because a conspiracy has been discovered. Confused, Basilio walked towards the school where he was approached by one of the professors and asked him if he was at the dinner the night before, to which Basilio replied that he was not.  The professor explained that seditious pasquinades have been found at the university. He advised Basilio to go home and destroy all materials that can implicate him.  After he left the professor, he met his fellow classmates Sandoval and Tadeo. The first did not answer him while the second was glad there’d be no school for a week. On his way to the university he also saw Isagani and Juanito, both were displaying different emotions.  He then went on to Macaraig’s house to ask for the loan. He had used most of his savings in ransoming Juli and securing a house for her and her grandfather. When he reached his house, he was surprised that he was also arrested.

Chapter 27: The Friar and The Filipino

 While Isagani was haranguing the other students, he was called for by Father Fernandez, one of the friars Isagani respects very much. When asked by Father Fernandez what it is that the students are asking, Isagani replied that they want the friars to do their duty. Hen went on to explain that the friars hinder and monopolize the education. Others times, they extinguish the ardour and enthusiasm in studying, and inculcate the people with worn-out ideas.  Father Fernandez rebutted that instruction is only given to those who deserve it and not for men without character. To which, Isagani challenged him to explain why are there men without characters and morality. The two continued their debate and Father Fernandez had felt for the first time, he was defeated by a Filipino student.  But as their discussion continued, the students only wish is to not to oppose education but to favour it. Otherwise, there is a threat that they be trampled upon. And Isagani continued what the students hopes for. In the end, the two did not reach a certain conclusion, Father Fernandez agreed that he would talk to his colleagues about the students proposal.

Chapter 28: Tatakut  Upon the arrest of the students, rumors about the students getting shot or deported circulated around town. Quiroga had also become fearful about letting Indians enter his shop. He also received word from Simoun to leave everything as is.  Father Irene went to see Captain Tiago and further augmented his fears about the situation of Basilio. Captain Tiago became much fearful from Father Irene’s stories and died while still clutching on his arm.  The house PlacidoPenitente rented was full of lively discussion, with each of the present gave an opinion on the matter, and who is to be blamed. When Placido arrived, bearing a news that there’s going to be a massacre that night.  The following morning, Ben Zayb saw the dead body of Juli near Luneta. However, he wrote nothing of what he found.

Chapter 29: Exit of Capitan Tiago  Captain Tiago dies and had an exceptional funeral. Father Irene was assigned to be his executor. He will part of his property to St. Clara, part to the Pope, to the Archbishop, the religious corporations and twenty five pesos for the education of the poor students. Because of Basilio’s ungrateful conduct the past two days before he died, he did not leave anything for him. But Father Irene promised he’d take it upon himself to grant the twenty pesos inheritance that was due of him.  His death was even reported as miraculous, having appeared to the nuns when he was dying. The people concluded he was saved because of the pious legacies and the numerous masses he had paid for. They also discussed what kind of clothing to put on him. There were several suggestions but in the end, Father Irene decided that he dressed in one of his old suits of clothes, remarking that God pays no attention to clothing.  Dona Patrocino envies him and wished that she also die the following day so she can order more sumptuous obsequies. And her funeral should impress the people.

Chapter 30: Juli  The news of Basilio's imprisonment deeply troubles Juli.  The town clerk, Hermana Pechang, and Hermana Bali convince Juli to ask Padre Camorra to intercede for Basilio.  She is hesitant to approach the friar since he is known to be frolicsome and fond of women.  When news reaches Tiani that Basilio is about to be shot, Juli is compelled to ask the friar's help.

Chapter 31: The High Official  A high official convinces the governor-general in vain to release Basilio who he believes is innocent.  The governor-general insists that innocent individuals must suffer in order to restore order and to cow the people into submission.  Because of this disagreement, the high official resigns and goes back to Spain.

Chapter 32: Effect of The Pasquinades  Because of the revolutionary and seditious posters, Pecson, Tadeo, and Juanito Pelaez are suspended from their classes.  Tadeo burns his books, while Juanito gets engaged in his father’s business.  In jail, Basilio learns the sad news of Juli’s death.  Simoun befriends Don Timoteo Pelaez, who is now busy preparing for the wedding of son to Paulita Gomez.

Chapter 33: La Ultima Razon  Basilio is released from prison and immediately approaches Simoun in order to help him initiate a revolution.  Simoun is pleased that Basilio will his cause.  He directs Basilio to meet Cabesang Tales at a designated time to acquire the rifles that are hidden in Quiroga’s warehouse.  Simoun is to place at an important gathering a dynamiteladen lamp that would then explode to signal the attack.

Chapter 34: The Wedding  Basilio walks aimlessly in the streets of Manila to wait for the agreed signal for the revolution.  He es Calle Anloague where the wedding fiesta of Juanito Pelaez and Paulita Gomez is being held.  After seeing the rich decorations, the number of guards, and the important visitors that would be coming, he assumes that this is the crucial gathering mentioned by Simoun.

Chapter 35: The Fiesta  Basilio sees Simoun placing the lamp at the center of the house.  Basilio is about to leave the place when he sees Isagani.  He tries to convince Isagani to stay away from the house and explains that the lamp from Simoun would explode killing everybody in the house.  In a rare act of love and loyalty to Paulita, he boldly rushes to the house, quickly throwing the lamp into the river to prevent it from exploding.

Chapter 36: Ben Zayb’s Afflictions  The governor-general prohibits any mention of the events that have taken place at the wedding fiesta of Juanito Pelaez and Paulita Gomez.  News circulates that a band of tulisanes have attacked a friar country house.  The robbers who are caught describe a Spanish mestizo as the one who ordered them to attack the city at a designated signal.  The description given by the robbers perfectly fits Simoun.

Chapter 37: The Mystery  The events of the previous night are discussed by Isagani, Capitana Loleng, Capitan Toringoy, Sensia, and Chichoy.  Chichoy divulges that Simoun is the mastermind behind storing the sacks of gunpowder in order to kill all the people at the wedding feast.  He also adds that the lamp was to start the fire and ignite the gunpowder.

Chapter 38: Fatality  A group of prisoners are being escorted by the soldiers when they are ambushed.  Carolino, one of the of the guardia civil and the son of Cabesang Tales, bravely fight the bandits, killing with a spear the bandits' leader and an old man.  Upon approaching the dead, he recognizes that the old man that he has shot is none other than his grandfather, Tata Selo.

Chapter 39: Conclusion  A wounded and exhausted Simoun goes to Padre Florentino's house to hide from the guardia civil that are out to arrest him.  After taking a poison, he informs Padre Florentino of his true identity.  He says that he is the fugitive Juan Crisostomo Ibarra and that his was the unsuccessful attempt to corrupt the government in order to start a revolution that would free the country. -A wounded and exhausted Simoun goes to Padre Florentino's house to hide from the guardia civil that are out to arrest him.  Padre Florentino reprimands Simoun, saying that freedom cannot be won through violence and bloodshed but by education, constant work, and suffering.