Factors That Affect Illumination 4y5f3c

FACTORS THAT AFFECT ILLUMINATION The concept of lighting design as a tool in a larger interior design plan is a relatively new phenomenon that has enjoyed strong growth thanks to recent scientific advances in the production of artificial light. A century ago, a crystal chandelier in the centre of the room was considered the non plus ultra of electric light fixtures; that chandelier was itself a technological advancement over the candle-holding predecessor from which its name is derived. Today, numerous lighting options exist from a variety of sources. The formerly omnipresent and comparatively inefficient incandescent bulb is being replaced by light produced from fluorescent, lightemitting diodes (LED), and high-intensity discharge (HID) sources. As in every other aspect of design, new technology is spurring creativity on the field. One of Switzerland’s leading companies in its field, Zurich-based d’lite lichtdesign adroitly embraces the latest possibilities in lighting design. It has realised a number of notable projects around the country with an artistic flair to complement the functionality of lighting needs, as shown to great effect in the implementation of Christoph T. Hunziker’s brilliantly original lighting design for Zurich’s Leutschenpark. Other d’lite lichtdesign projects include everything from highway viaducts to public swimming pools and museum buildings. Perhaps it is the play of Alpine colours and light that encourages thinkers to see lighting in new ways. Switzerland’s neighbour to the east is a surprising locus for research and development of new techniques in lighting design. As any visitor to Lobmayr’s dazzling Kärntner Straße showroom in Vienna can tell you, the Austrians have known a thing or two about lighting for a long time. The interest in lighting continues today in the quietly innovative Tyrol region, where just outside Innsbruck lies the modest headquarters of one of the world’s leading light design companies, Bartenbach Lichtlabor. A round building constructed with maximum thought to natural daylight, the Bartenbach Lichtlabor headquarters is itself a prime example of the use of light in the most energy-efficient manner possible. For both natural and artificial light applications, the company undertakes extensive research before applying it to the clients’ needs; sometimes it invents research tools for its own use. A white dome sitting at one end of an expansive room enables Bartenbach Lichtlabor to replicate the daylight at any given time of day on any point on Earth. This artificial sky, six metres in diameter, allows for viewing three-dimensional models of buildings to observe the effects and results of exterior lighting strategies in ways not possible in digital simulation. One of Bartenbach’s most ambitious projects was a plan to use large heliostats (turning mirrors) to ref lect winter sunlight into the Alpine town of Rattenberg, where the nearby Rat Mountain blocks direct sunlight in the

coldest months of the year. With its artificial sky, Bartenbach Lichtlabor has been able to take on some very large projects ranging from imposing edifices making statements of power to sacred buildings where lighting must be particularly sensitive to the spirituality of the venue. From the intimate public rooms of Zurich’s stunning Widder Hotel to the Roche Convention Center in Buonas (ZG) and the even larger Basel Trade Fair, Bartenbach Lichtlabor has a wellestablished presence in Switzerland – though, as is the case with welldesigned lighting systems, you may not have even noticed. ESTIMATING ILLUMINATION AND BRIGHTNESS This paper describes a new method for estimating the illumination distribution of a real scene from a radiance distribution inside shadows cast by an object in the scene. First, the illumination distribution of the scene is approximated by discrete sampling of an extended light source. Then the illumination distribution of the scene is estimated from a radiance distribution inside shadows cast by an object of known shape onto another object in the scene. Instead of assuming any particular reflectance properties of the surface inside the shadows, both the illumination distribution of the scene and the reflectance properties of the surface are estimated simultaneously, based on iterative optimization framework. In addition, this paper introduces an adaptive sampling of the illumination distribution of a scene. Rather than using a uniform discretization of the overall illumination distribution, we adaptively increase sampling directions of the illumination distribution based on the estimation at the previous iteration. Using the adaptive sampling framework, we are able to estimate overall illumination more efficiently by using fewer sampling directions. The proposed method is effective for estimating an illumination distribution even under a complex illumination environment CLASSIFICATION OF THE LIGHTING SYSTEM In the previous topic “Artificial Lighting types and design”, I explain the different sources of Artificial lighting and indicate the two forms of it; indoor and outdoor lighting, also I show that the indoor lighting fixtures can be divided to many categories according to the following: The light function. Lamp type. Installation method. The percentage of light output above and below the horizontal. The building type. I explained the first factor in the previous Topic and today I will explain the other factors that categorize the light fixtures as follows:

WHAT IS SIGNAL? A signal as referred to in communication systems, signal processing, and electrical engineering "is a function that conveys information about the behavior or attributes of some phenomenon". In the physical world, any quantity exhibiting variation in time or variation in space (such as an image) is potentially a signal that might provide information on the status of a physical system, or convey a message between observers, among other possibilities.[2] The IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing states that the term "signal" includes[3] audio, video, speech, image, communication, geophysical, sonar, radar, medical and musical signals. Other examples of signals are the output of a thermocouple, which conveys temperature information, and the output of a pH meter which conveys acidity information.[1] Typically, signals are often provided by a sensor, and often the original form of a signal is converted to another form of energy using a transducer. For example, a microphone converts an acoustic signal to a voltage waveform, and a speaker does the reverse. The formal study of the information content of signals is the field of information theory. The information in a signal is usually accompanied by noise. The term noise usually means an undesirable random disturbance, but is often extended to include unwanted signals conflicting with the desired signal (such as crosstalk). The prevention of noise is covered in part under the heading of signal integrity. The separation of desired signals from a background is the field of signal recovery,[4] one branch of which is estimation theory, a probabilistic approach to suppressing random disturbances. Engineering disciplines such as electrical engineering have led the way in the design, study, and implementation of systems involving transmission, storage, and manipulation of information. In the latter half of the 20th century, electrical engineering itself separated into several disciplines, specialising in the design and analysis of systems that manipulate physical signals; electronic engineering and computer engineering as examples; while design engineering developed to deal with functional design of man–machine interfaces.

WHAT IS ALARM? An alarm device or system of alarm devices gives an audible, visual or other form of alarm signal about a problem or condition. Alarm devices are often outfitted with a siren. Alarm devices include:  burglar alarms, designed to warn of burglaries; this is often a silent alarm: the police or guards are warned without indication to theburglar, which increases the chances of catching him or her.  alarm clocks can beep, buzz or ring off as an alarm at a set time to wake a person up or for other reminders  distributed control systems (DCS), found in nuclear power plants, refineries and chemical facilities also generate alarms to direct the operator's attention to an important event that he or she needs to address.  alarms in an operation and maintenance (O&M) monitoring system, which informs the bad working state of (a particular part of) the system under monitoring.  first-out alarm  safety alarms, which go off if a dangerous condition occurs. Common public safety alarms include:  civil defense siren also known as tornado sirens or air raid sirens  fire alarm systems  fire alarm notification appliance  "Multiple-alarm fire", a locally-specific measure of the severity of a fire and the fire-department reaction required.  smoke detector  car alarms  autodialer alarm, also known as community alarm  personal alarm  tocsins – a historical method of raising an alarm Alarms have the capability of causing a fight-or-flight response in humans; a person under this mindset will panic and either flee the perceived danger or attempt to eliminate it, often ignoring rational thought in either case. We can characterise a person in such a state as "alarmed". With any kind of alarm, the need exists to balance between on the one hand the danger of false alarms (called "false positives") — the signal going off in the absence of a problem — and on the other hand failing to signal an actual problem (called a "false negative"). False alarms can waste resources expensively and can even be dangerous. For example, false alarms of a fire can waste firefighter manpower, making them unavailable for a real fire, and risk injury to firefighters and others as the fire engines race to the alleged fire's location. In addition, false alarms may acclimatise people to ignore alarm signals, and thus possibly to ignore an actual

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WHAT IS COMMUNICATION? Communication is when information is ed from a sender to a recipient using a medium. There are different media that can be used:  Visual communication (using body language or gestures)  Communicating with sounds (like human language, but may also be the barking of a dog)  Communication using touch  Using smell  Using writing Communication can be good spoken (a word) or non-spoken (a smile). Communication has many ways, and happens all the time. Not only humans communicate, most other animals do too. Some communication is done without thinking, such as by changing in posture. Another form of communication tries to change somebody's mind. In an extreme case it can be propaganda. DIFFERENT KINDS OF SIGNALLING SYSTEM? Signaling System is an international telecommunications standard that defines how network elements in a public switched telephone network (PSTN) exchange information over a digital signaling network. Nodes in an SS7 network are called signaling points. SS7 is used for these and other services: Setting up and managing the connection for a call Tearing down the connection when the call is complete Billing Managing call forwarding, calling party name and number display, three-way calling, and other Intelligent Network (IN) services Toll-free (800 and 888) and toll (900) calls Wireless as well as wireline call service including mobile telephone subscriber authentication, personal communication service (PCS), and roaming SS7 messages contain such information as: How should I route a call to 914 331-4985? The route to network point 587 is crowded. Use this route only for calls of priority 2 or higher. Subscriber so-and-so is a valid wireless subscriber. Continue with setting up the call. In 2014, security researchers in demonstrated that attackers could exploit security holes in SS7 to track cell phone s' movements and communications and eavesdrop on conversations.

PEC PROVISION IN INSTALLING SIGNAL AND ALARM SYSTEM Service entrance conductors shall be installed in accordance with the applicable requirements of this Code covering the type of wiring method used and limited to the following methods: 1. Open-wiring on insulators 2. Rigid Metal Conduit (RMC) 3. Intermediate Metallic Tubing (IMT) 4. Electrical Metallic Tubing (EMT) 5. Service-Entrance Cables 6. Wireways 7. Busways 8. Auxiliary gutters 9. Rigid Non-Metallic Conduit (RNMC) 10. Cable Bus 11. Mineral-Insulated Metal-Sheated Cable 12. Type MC Cables PROTECTION: Service entrance conductors subjected to physical damage shall be protected in any of the following ways or methods: 1. By RMC 2. By IMC 3. By RNMC suitable for the location 4. By EMT 5. Type MC cable or other approved means