Historical Foundations Of Education 3m596t

Historical Foundations of Education MICHAEL CARL S.R. DIVINAFLOR MAED

TEACHING with Comion, LEADING with Integrity

Historical Foundations of Education Why study the historical foundation?

Historical foundations of education from the ancient period, medieval era up to the contemporary period and our present educational system hinges from the profound thoughts and ideas of the great philosophical thinkers of the world. TEACHING with Comion, LEADING with Integrity

Historical Foundations of Education

Ancient Era

Medieval Period

Modern Educational Philosophy and Education


Historical Foundations of Education Ancient Era

-includes the work of the Greek and Roman thinkers -influenced by ideas developed much earlier in Egypt and Mesopotamia


Historical Foundations of Education Greek Philosophy falls into three parts: -Pre-Socratic -Works of Socrates, Plato and Aristotle -The following schools of thought


Historical Foundations of Education Metaphysicians

-they were looking for the reality behind all appearances -They attempted to explain the nature of the universe and life on Earth.


Historical Foundations of Education Monists (mono/one)

-sought to explain everything in of one basic reality.


Historical Foundations of Education Monists (mono/one)

-sought to explain everything in of one basic reality.


Historical Foundations of Education Thales of Miletus

-lived in the 7th and 6th century BC. -Attempted to give an explanation of the world that does not depend on Gods or mythology but only on natural causes. -believed that everything originated in water. -“Water as fundamental building block of matter.” TEACHING with Comion, LEADING with Integrity

Historical Foundations of Education Anaximander of Miletus

-6th century BC -explained that the world was originating in the conflicts between contraries such as hot and cold and wet and dry.


Historical Foundations of Education Anaximenes of Miletus

-declared that air is the source of all water - “nothing can be created from nothing” -Matter, force and energy are indestructible.


Historical Foundations of Education Pythagoras

-numbers is the basis of reality -the forms and relations of things can all be explained numerically.


Historical Foundations of Education Heraclitus

-argued that the basic characteristics of the universe is change. Permanence is only an appearance.


Historical Foundations of Education Parmenides

-Permanence is real and change only an illusion


Historical Foundations of Education Pluralist

-doctrine of multiplicity -the position that there is not one consistent means of approaching truths about the world, but rather many.


Historical Foundations of Education Empedocles (5th century BC)

-believed that there are four basic elements: earth, fire, air and water.


Historical Foundations of Education Atomist

Anaxagoras (5th century BC) -taught that everything is made of indefinitely small particles. Democritus and Leucippus -taught that all matter is made up of atoms (tiny invisible units) Lucretius -Roman philosopher who wrote “On the Nature of Things”


Historical Foundations of Education Sophist

-teachers of practical wisdom -took money for their lesson -first skeptics -They cast doubt on the merit of speculation -learning to live and succeed in the real world is the point of philosophy TEACHING with Comion, LEADING with Integrity

Historical Foundations of Education Protagoras

- “Man is the measure of all things” - views that the real world is the one people live in and see



Classical Period (430-320 BC)


Historical Foundations of Education Socrates

-challenged the Sophist by saying it is possible to learn absolute virtue and attain truth. -sought universal principles by pursuing the clear, common meaning of , and raised some of the basic questions of knowledge and ethics. -question and answer conversation TEACHING with Comion, LEADING with Integrity

Historical Foundations of Education Two basic assumptions

-a person is never to do wrong, either directly or indirectly, -no one who knows what is right will act contrary to it.


Historical Foundations of Education Plato

-Socrates’ foremost pupil and recorder of many of his conversations -authored “Dialogues” -developed a many-sided philosophy -theory of knowledge -theory of human conduct -theory of the state universe - “there is a world of sense experience that is always changing.”


Historical Foundations of Education Aristotle (100 AD)

-Plato’s foremost pupil -Departed from Plato’s teaching on many points -his writings on nature made him the world’s first real scientist


Historical Foundations of Education Aristotle (100 AD)

- “Material world is real and not a creation of eternal forms” -taught that individual things combine form and matter in ways that determine how they grow and change. -founder of formal logic TEACHING with Comion, LEADING with Integrity

Historical Foundations of Education Following Schools of Thought

Epicureanism (100 AD) -regarded reality as a random arrangement of atoms and decreed that pleasure is the chief goal of life



Stoicism -led by Zeno -believed that the universe is ordered and rational - “to live in accordance with nature” “Humans must be discipline themselves to accept their place in the world.” TEACHING with Comion, LEADING with Integrity


Stoicism -fatalism (fate) Marcus Aurelius -explained philosophy clearly in his “Meditations” Epictetus -left no writings but his teachings were recorded and ed down in “Discourses” by his pupil Arrian


Skepticism (4th and early 3rd century BC) -Founded by Phyrro of Elis -asserts that humans cannot know anything for certain. -Cicero -Introduced Greek philosophy to Rome

Historical Foundations of Education The so-called pagan philosophy based in Athens came to an end when schools of Athens were closed by the emperor Justinian in AD 529. Its teachers survived for a while elsewhere, but with diminished influence.

Historical Foundations of Education Neoplatonists

-their basic ideas were derived from Plato. -their point of view includes ideas derived from Aristotle and the Stoics.

Historical Foundations of Education Neoplatonists

Plotinus -most prominent Neoplatonists -used his teachings to combat Christianity. -his notes were published as “Enneads” by his disciple Porphyry. -taught that the highest reality is the good (God) and the lowest level of reality is the material world.


Medieval Period

Historical Foundations of Education Medieval Period

Christianity became the dominant religion of the Roman Empire in the 4th century. -it dominated philosophy and tolerated little opposition -Platonism and Neoplatonism were absorbed and used by Christian teachers and blended with biblical doctrine.


Philosophers of Medieval Period

Historical Foundations of Education St. Augustine of Hippo

-identified the eternal ideas of Plato with truth that come from God. -This divine world of truth is encountered by turning the mind towards God’s revelation. -Immorality of the human soul can be proved by its possession of eternal truths.

Historical Foundations of Education Boethius

-authored “Consolation of Philosophy” -teaches that the eternal ideas are inborn ideas that people from the previous existence of the soul.

Historical Foundations of Education St. Anselm of Canterbury

-used both faith and reason to arrive at truth -most ed for his proofs of the existence of God, derived from Neoplatonist philosophy.

Historical Foundations of Education St. Bernard of Clairvaux

-was suspicious of building faith on philosophical concepts. -developed a doctrine of mystical love as the path to truth

Historical Foundations of Education Peter Abelard

-constructed question and answer method for teaching theology. -published ‘Sic et Non” (Yes or No) -taught that the material world is real

Historical Foundations of Education Accessing Aristotle’s Writings

-The writings of Aristotle were translated into Latin in 12th century AD from earlier Arabic translations. -Avicenna and Averroes, early Muslim writers -Metaphysics of Aristotle turned philosophers away from Plato.

Historical Foundations of Education Scholasticism, Schoolmen or Scholastics

- “Suma Theologica” (Summary of Doctrine) is a question and answer approach to teaching that has never been equaled. -stated objectives, then presented replies to every objection.

Historical Foundations of Education Scholasticism, Schoolmen or Scholastics

-attempted to settle the conflict between faith and reason by showing that reason should deal with the facts of nature, but that supernatural truths of revelation must be accepted by faith. - “Some truths, such as the existence of God, are both revealed and provable by reason.

Historical Foundations of Education Opposition to St. Aquinas (14th century AD)

Opposition to his teachings came from John Duns Scotus, William of Ockham Meister Eckhart and Nicholas of Cusa.


The Modern Educational Philosophy and Education

Historical Foundations of Education The Modern Educational Philosophy and Education

-Ideas of Plato, Aristotle and others had to be dealt with but mostly for their relation to practical thinking. -Metaphysics still had its advocates but many schools of thought denied its validity.

Historical Foundations of Education -Educational Philosophy found itself in a world characterized by -growth of cities -the appearance of new inventions -the refusal to accept God or supernatural explanations for reality -the inventions of printing to spread ideas


-the emergence of a new economic system called capitalism -the voyages of discovery to the New World -the Reformation and, -a great fascination with the natural world and human abilities to exploit and understand it.

Historical Foundations of Education Renaissance

-preoccupation with mathematics and natural sciences -attention turned to the nature of the human mind and its abilities to master the natural world. -the two main philosophical points were the rationalism and empiricism

Historical Foundations of Education The 19th Century

Romanticism -irrational as an antidote to pure reason Liberalism -demanded democratization of the political process Socialism -demanded economic justice

Historical Foundations of Education Francis Bacon

-ardent advocate of the new learning -held that knowledge cannot be based on accepted authorities but must begin with experience and proceed by induction to general principles. -helped lay the foundation for British empiricism

Historical Foundations of Education Rene Descartes

-Modern rationalism - “I think, therefore I am” -proceeded deductively to build a system in which God ad mind belong to one order of reality and nature to another.

Historical Foundations of Education Epistemology on the British Isles

-empiricism underwent new developments in the British Isles. -Some of the leading empiricists were Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, George Berkeley and David Hume -They were mainly concerned with how the mind can know.

Historical Foundations of Education John Locke

-stated that the senses are the ultimate of ideas. -all mental operations result from combining perceptions into concepts.

Historical Foundations of Education David Hume

-carried empiricism to its ultimate conclusion in his radical skepticism, contending that there is no justification for assuming the reality of either a material or spiritual world. -No reality beyond perception can ever be proved


-his works awoke the likes of Immanuel Kant from his “philosophical slumber” and led him to launch attack on it in his “Critique of Practical Reason”.


Critique of Practical Reason -deals with reason and its potentials and limits -examines ethics Critique of Judgement -explores the minds role in aesthetics -influenced the works of Johann Gottlieb Fichte, Friedrich Schelling, and Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel.

Historical Foundations of Education Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel

-one of the intellectual giants of the 19th century -thoughts on the “great builder” -formulated a logic that he believed s for evolution in nature, history, and human thought. -Johann Friedrich Herbart, Arthur Schopenhauer, Ludwig Feuerbach, Karl Marx,

Historical Foundations of Education Existentialism

Soren Kierkegaard -held that reality cannot be fully comprehended by human existence is always involved in choices that are absurd from the rational viewpoint.


Soren Kierkegaard -he conceived these viewpoints as a human being and that all people are responsible for their own development and free to direct their own lives.


Soren Kierkegaard -implies that one’s existence creates one’s essence -People become what they will be; they are not determined from birth by a nature that determines it from them


-other known philosophers of this movement where Martin Heidegger, Karl Jasper, Jean-Paul Sartre, and Gabriel Marcel.

Historical Foundations of Education Positivism

-founded by Auguste Comte -rejects pure speculation as a form of selfindulgence -assertions must be subject to verification -attempted to apply the methods of the natural sciences to the discovery of social laws

Historical Foundations of Education Positivism

-influenced John Stuart Mill and Herbert Spencer -Herbert Spencer believed that the notion of survival of the fittest applies to society as well as to the biological world.

Historical Foundations of Education German Idealism

-name given to the work or Kant and his followers -critics of empiricism

Historical Foundations of Education Pragmatism

-An American philosophy in the 19th century -first formulated by Charles Sanders Peirce -William James extended pragmatism to include a theory of truth: “A proposition is true if it fulfills its purpose.” -John Dewey, another leading 20th century exponent of pragmatism

Historical Foundations of Education Irrationalism

-Arthur Schopenhauer and Friedrich Nietzsche -displaced reason with the human will and its dark side, its propensity to seek power by any means. -along side Kierkegaard, provided a nonrational explanation of human nature that cam to the forefront in the politics of the 20th century.

Historical Foundations of Education Philosophy in the 20th century and Universities

-Philosophy became captive to the universities -few professors like Jean-Paul Sartre in and George Santayana in Spain wrote for popular readership. -professionalism sharpened the differences between schools of philosophy -made the task of defining philosophy more

Historical Foundations of Education Henri Bergson

- ‘Creative Evolution’ -says that the mind is capable of two different types of knowing -Method of Analysis which is the means of used in the sciences. -Intuition by which people are able to know their deepest selves and the profound truths of reality.

Historical Foundations of Education North Whitehead

- a mathematician as well as philosopher -Metaphysics was his main interest -the task of philosophy is “to frame a coherent, logical, necessary system of general ideas in of which every element of our experience can be interpreted.

Historical Foundations of Education John Dewey

-his writings encomed ethics, metaphysics, education, and scientific method. - “philosophy should be geared to human needs.” -desired to find the same positive underpinnings for ethics and politics that were being stated in the sciences.

Historical Foundations of Education Schools of Thought in the 20th Century

 Logical Empiricism  Linguistic Analysis  Phenomenology

Historical Foundations of Education Logical Empiricism

-inspired by David Hume, Bertrand Russel, Rudolf Carnap and Ludwig Wittgenstein -Insisted that philosophy must be scientific. - “The object of philosophy is the logical clarification of thoughts. Philosophy is not a theory but an activity.” -The result of philosophy s to make proposition clear.

Historical Foundations of Education Linguistic Analysis

-emerged from Wittgenstein after becoming skeptical of the logical foundations of mathematics and science. -believes that language itself is the object of philosophical investigation -Traditional problems in philosophy can be solved if language is rid of its obscurities and confusion.

Historical Foundations of Education Phenomenology

-Originated by Edmund Husserl -It is possible to examine the world without any preconceived notions about causes or underlying structures. -By carefully exploring all the data available to conscious experience.

Historical Foundations of Education Phenomenology

-it is possible to arrive at an explanation of essential structures of phenomena. -Phenomena are the realities perceived by the senses.

Historical Foundations of Education In the united states, Mortimer J. Adler published “The Conditions of Philosophy” in 1965 as a defense of traditional philosophical functions The rest of modern thought has become extremely technical and complex, dealing mainly with the nature of language communication and symbolism.

Historical Foundations of Education Those who are determined that philosophy be scientific and those who are devoted to metaphysical speculations go their separate ways. Brain function is being analyzed by physiologist. Experts in the computer field pose the possibility of creating artificial intelligence.

Historical Foundations of Education Allan Turing in England, they seek to create devices that will match the higher intellectual capacities of humans -such as ability to reason, discover meanings, and generate from past experience.

Historical Foundations of Education “If achieved, artificial intelligence would pose a serious challenge on previous views of epistemology and to the nature of philosophy itself.” Francisco Zulueta


Thank you! Michael Carl S.R. Divinaflor


Historical Foundations of Education Epistemology

-the theory of knowledge, especially with regard to its methods, validity, and scope. Epistemology is the investigation of what distinguishes justified belief from opinion

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