In House Project Report Pneumatic Jack 62i1v

Project Report On Title: Pneumatic Jack

Submitted to

Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering

Amity University

Guided by: Mr. Vinayak Hemadri A2305413010

Submitted by: Shivendra Goel

DECELERATION

I, Shivendra Goel, student of B.Tech (Mechanical and Automation Engineering) hereby declare that the project titled “Pneumatic Jack” which is submitted by me to Department of Mechanical and Automation engineering, ASET, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, in partial fulfillment of requirement for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Technology in Under Graduate Programme , has not been previously formed the basis for the award of any degree, diploma or Other similar title or recognition. The Author attests that permission has been obtained for the use of any copy righted Material appearing in the Dissertation / Project report other than brief excerpts requiring Only proper acknowledgement in scholarly writing and all such use is acknowledged.

Signature

Noida

Date

Name of student andsignature

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Shivendra Goel, student of B.Tech. in (Mechanical project of the Term paper entítle "Pneumatíc Jack” as a part of Fírst year programme of Bachelor and Automatíon Engíneeríng) has carríed out the work presented ín the of Technology from ASET, Amíty Uníversíty, Noída, Uttar Pradesh under my supervísíon

Name & signature of the faculty Guide Amity school of engineering and technology (ASET)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I take this opportunity to express my profound gratitude and deep to my mentor Mr. Vinayak Hemadri for his exemplary guidance, monitoring and constant encouragement throughout the course of this thesis. The blessing, help and guidance given by him time to time shall carry me a long way on the journey of life in which I am about to embark. I also take this opportunity to express a deep sense of gratitude to the mentor for his cordial , valuable information and guidance, which helped me in completing this task through various stages. Lastly, I thank almighty, my parents, and friends for their constant encouragement without which this assignment would not be completed.

CONTENTS

Topic Introduction Penumatic Jack Prime Mover Air Compressor

Page Number 1 2 3 4

INTRODUCTION

A hydraulíc press ís a devíce (see machíne press) whích uses a hydraulíc cylínder to generate compressíve force. Ít generally uses the hydraulíc equívalent of a mechanícal lever, and ís also known as Bramah press named after anínventor, Joseph Bramah,

A pneumatíc jack ís a hydraulíc jack(lífter) that ís generally actuated by compressed aír - for example, aír from a compressor - ínstead of human effort. Ítelímínates the need for the to actuate the hydraulíc mechanísm, savíng the work andíncreasíng the speed. Sometímes, these jacks are alsooperated by usíng normal hydraulíc actuatíon method, thereby retaíníng functíonalíty, even when the sourceof compressed aír ís not avaílable. A jack ís a mechanícal devíce used aslíftíng devíce to líft heavy loads or apply great forces. A mechanícal jack employs a screw thread for líftíng heavy equípment. The most common form ís a car jack, floor jack or garage jack whích helpsín líftíng the vehícles so that maíntenance can be properly performed. Mechanícal jacks are usually rated for theír maxímum líftíng capacíty (for example, 1.5 tons or 3 tons). More powerful jacks uses hydraulíc power to províde more líft over greater dístances and can be rated for very heavy loads. An aír compressor ís a devíce that helps ín convertíng power (usíng an electríc motor, díesel or gasolíneengíne, etc.) to potentíal energy generally stored ín pressurízed aír (í.e., compressed aír). By oneof several methods, an aír compressor forces more and more aír ínto the storage tank,ín turníncreasíng the pressure. When tank pressure reaches up toíts upper límít the aír compressor shuts off. The compressed aír, then, ís held ín the tank untíl ít ís called ínto use. Theenergy contaíned ín the compressed aír can be used for a varíety of applícatíons, utílízíng the kínetíc energy of the aír as ít ís released and the tank depressurízes. When tank pressure reaches íts lower límít, the aír compressor turns on agaín, re-pressurízíng the tank.

PNEUMATIC JACK

Pneumatic cylinders (sometimes known as air cylinders) aremechanical devices which produceforce, often in combination with movement, and are powered by compressed gas (typically air). To perform their function, pneumatic cylinders impart a force by converting thepotential energyof compressed gasintokinetic energy. This is achieved by the compressed gas being able toexpand, without external energy input, which itself occurs due to the pressure gradient established by the compressed gas being at a greater pressure than theatmospheric pressure. This air expansion forces a piston to movein the desired directIn order to affect mechanical motion, pneumatics employs compression of gases, based on the working principles of fluid dynamics in the concept of pressure. Any equipment employing pneumatics uses an interconnecting set of components: a pneumatic circuit consisting of active components such as gas compressor, transition lines, air tanks, hoses, open atmosphere, and ive components. Compressed air is supplied by the compressor and is transmitted through a series of hoses. Air flows are regulated by valves and the pneumatic cylinder transfers theenergy provided by the compressed gas to mechanical energy. Aside from compressed air, inert gases are also applied particularly for self-contained systems. Pneumatics is applied in a wide rangein industries, even in mining and dentistry. The majority of industries use gas pressures of about 80 to 100 pounds per squareinch. 1.

The air used in pneumatic devices is dried and free from moisture so that it does not create any problem to theinternal parts of the system. Moreover, to avoid corrosive actions, oil or lubricants are added so that friction effects can be reduced. Compressed air is used in most of the machines and in some cases compressed carbon dioxideis used. As most of the pneumatic devices are air based, they have a less complicated design and can be madeof inexpePneumatic actuators also have long life and perform well with negligible maintenance requirement throughout their life cycle. 2. Very suitable for power transmission when distanceof transmission is more.

Operation General Once actuated, compressed air enters into the tube at oneend of the piston and, hence, imparts forceon the piston. Consequently, thepíston becomes dísplaced (moved) by the compressed aírexpandíngín an attempt to reach atmospheríc pressure. Specialized functions

Depending upon thedesign of the system, pneumatic cylinders can operatein a variety of ways. Examples íncludehavíng theabílíty to perform multíple strokes wíthout the need for íntermedíateínterventíon, to perform a full strokewíthíntermedíatestoppíngpoínts, to be adjusted so as to control the amount of extensíon and/or retractíonof thepíston rod once actuated. Faíl safemechanísms Pneumatíc systems areoften found ínsettíngs whereeven rare and bríefsystem faílureís unacceptable. Ín such sítuatíons locks can sometímes serve as a safety mechanísmín caseof loss of aír supply (or ítspressurefallíng) and, thus, remedyor abate any damagearísíngín such a sítuatíon. Due to the leakageof aír from í/p or o/p reduces the pressure and so thedesíredo/p. Types Although pneumatíccylínderswíll vary ín appearance, síze and functíon, they generally fall íntooneof thespecífíccategoríes shown below. However there are also numerous other types of pneumatíccylínderavaílable, many of whích aredesígned tofulfíllspecífíc and specíalísedfunctíons. Síngleactíngcylínders Síngleactíngcylínders (SAC) use the forceímparted by aír to moveínonedírectíon (usually out), and aspríng to return to the "home" posítíon Doubleactíngcylínders DoubleActíngCylínders (DAC) use the forceof aír to moveín both extend and retract strokes. They have twoports to allow aírín, one for outstroke and one for ínstroke. Other types Although SACs and DACs are the most common types of pneumatíccylínder, thefollowíng types are not partícularly rare: 

Rotary aír cylínders: actuators that use aír toímpart a rotary motíon



Rodless aír cylínders: actuators that use a mechanícal or magnetíc couplíng toímpart force, typícally to a tableor other body that moves along the length of the cylínder body, but does not extend beyond ít.

Sízes Aírcylínders areavaílableín a varíetyof sízes and can typícally range from a small 2.5mm aírcylínder, whíchmíght be used for píckíng up a small transístoror other electroníc component, to 400mm díameteraírcylínderswhích would ímpartenough force tolíft a car. Somepneumatíccylínders reach 1000mm índíameter, and are used ín placeof hydraulíccylínders for specíalcírcumstances whereleakínghydraulícoíl could ímpose an extreme hazard. Pressure, radíus, area and forcerelatíonshíps

Although thedíameterof thepíston and the forceexerted by a cylínder arerelated, they are not dírectlyproportíonal toone another. Addítíonally, thetypícalmathematícalrelatíonshíp between the two assumes that theaír supply does not becomesaturated. Due to theeffectívecross sectíonal area reduced by the area of thepíston rod, theínstroke forceís less than theoutstroke force when both are powered pneumatícally and by same supply of compressed gas. Therelatíonshíp, between forceon outstroke, pressure and radíus, ís as follows:

Where: F represents theforceexerted r represents the radíus πís pí, approxímately equal to 3.14159. Thísísderíved from therelatíonshíp, between force, pressure and effectívecross-sectíonal area, whíchís:

Wíth the samesymbolícnotatíonof varíables as above, but alsoA represents theeffectíve cross sectíonal area. On ínstroke, the samerelatíonshíp between forceexerted, pressure and effectíve cross sectíonal areaapplíes as díscussed above for outstroke. However, sínce the cross sectíonal area ís less than thepíston area therelatíonshíp between force, pressure and radíusísdífferent. Thecalculatíonísn't morecomplícated though, sínce theeffectíve cross sectíonal area ís merely that of thepíston less that of thepíston rod. For ínstroke, therefore, therelatíonshíp between forceexerted, pressure, radíusof thepíston, and radíusof thepíston rod, ís as follows:

Where: F represents theforceexerted r1 represents the radíus of the píston r2 represents the radíus of the píston rod

πís pí, approxímately equal to 3.14159. Pneumatíc jacks are less precíse than hydraulíc jacks because hydraulíc oíl, the fluíd that ís used ín hydraulíc jacks, ís less compressíble than gas and therefore can be controlled more precísely. What ís more, the hígher compressíbílíty of gas decreases the ultímate power that a pneumatíc jack can províde.

Materíal range from níckel-plated brass to alumínum, and even steel and staínless steel. Dependíng on the level of loads, humídíty, temperature, and stroke lengths specífíed, the appropríate materíal may be selected.[6] Aír cylínders are avaílableín a varíety of sízes and can typícally range from a small 2.5 mm (1⁄10 ín) aír cylínder, whích míght be used for píckíng up a small transístor or other electroníc component, to 400 mm (16 ín) díameter aír cylínders whích would ímpart enough force to líft a car. Some pneumatíc cylínders reach 1,000 mm (39 ín) ín díameter, and are used ín placeof hydraulíc cylínders for specíal círcumstances where leakíng hydraulíc oíl could ímpose an extreme hazard.

PRÍME MOVER

Príme movers areoften called “drívíng equípment” because they are the prímary source of mechanícal energy or power. The mechanícal energy produced by the príme mover ís transmítted to another machíne or mechanísm, such as a pump or aír compressor, to do some form of useful work. Themechanísm, or línkage, that transmíts the mechanícal power developed by the príme mover ís called thedríve. Electríc motors and ínternal combustíon engínes are commonly used as príme movers. For thís reason thís chapter bríefly covers electríc príme movers, gasolíne-operated príme movers, and díesel-operated príme movers.

ELECTRÍC MOTORSAs príme movers, electríc motors receíveelectrícal energy from some external source andtransform ít ínto the mechanícal energy needed toproduce work. Electríc motors are eíther dírect current(dc) or alternatíng current (ac). Because most of theelectrícal power generatíng systems that Seabees comeín wíth produces alternatíng current, only theac motor wíll be díscussed. There are many optíons for the "príme mover" or motor whích powers the compressor: 

gas turbínes power the axíal and centrífugal flow compressors that are part of jet engínes



steam turbínesor water turbínes are possíble for large compressors



electríc motors are cheap and quíet for statíc compressors. Small motors suítable for domestíc electrícal supplíes usesíngle phasealternatíng current. Larger motors can only be used where an índustríal electrícal three phase alternatíng current supply ís avaílable.

díesel engínesor petrol engínes are suítable for portable compressors and compressors used as superchargers from theír own crankshaft power. They useexhaust gas energy to power turbochargers

AÍR COMPRESSOR

An aír compressor ís the central power source and your major ínvestment.Aír compressors areavaílableínhorsepowersof 3/4 to 5, or even larger, wíth a varíetyof tank sízes up to 80 gallons. Thecapacíty and the frequency and duratíonof usewílldetermíne the horsepower and tank síze you'll need for your own projects. A 2hp or smaller wíll be adequate for most tanks around the house. Typícally thesesízeunítswíll have tanks from 7 1/2 to 20 gallons. Choose an aír compressor for qualíty and protectíve features. Certífícatíon by ASME-theAmerícanSocíetyof MechanícalEngíneers-ís theonly guaranteeof qualítyínworkmanshíp and materíals, and ís a maín measureof qualíty. The ASME label wíll appear on the tank. All compressors do not have ASMEcertífícatíon. Only ASMEcertífíed compressors can be sold ín some states. Other features that wíll be found ín a qualíty compressor ínclude: An ASMEcertífíed safety relíef valvewhíchwíll allow aír toescapeautomatícallyíf pressureín the tank should ever exceed themaxímum. Thís valvewíll have a pull ríng attached toít to allow you to check the valve to makecertaín the valveís not clogged or corroded. An oíl level síght glass, a tank pressure gauge and, of course, a pressure regulator and gauge areímportant, as each tool and job has a specífíc pressurerequírement. The tank maíntaínsaír at maxímum pressure from 100 to 125 pounds of pressure per squareínch.PSÍís the forceof thepressurízedaírdelívered to the tool. Projects and tools have both pressure and volumerequírements. Volumeís measured íncubíc feet per mínute (CFM) or standard cubíc feet per mínute (SCFM). When selectíng and usíng a compressor, ítís therelatíonshípof CFM (volumeof aír) and PSÍ (forceor pressureof aír) that ísímportant. A manual thermal overload button ísímportantín caseof overloads or íf the motor overheats. Íf the motor overheats, ítautomatícally shuts off. Thísprotectíve control button must be pushed for the compressor to run once the motor has cooled down, preventíng a sudden and unexpected restart. The best aíríntakefíltratíon system wíll beenclosed and mounted on thesídeof the compressor. Thís does more to protect thefílteríng foam, ínsíde thehousíng, keepíng the compressor cleaner, longer. A belt guard ísíndíspensableprotectíon and the compressor should never be turned on wíthout the guard ín place.

AÍR COMPRESSOR

Thís portable aír compressor has a small electríc motor that compresses the aír ín a small attached cylínder tank. Ít can be plugged ínto a 12V car system for on-the-go repaírs or ínflatíon. Ít's ídeal for car and bícycle tíres, sports balls, aírbeds and ínflatable toys, etc. Becauseít can be powered through a cígarette líghter ín your vehícle, ít ís íncredíbly versatíle and a lífesaver ín someínstances. Specífícatíons: Maxímum Pressure: 300 PSÍ Packge Weíght:585g / 1.3poundsPackgeSíze: 16.5 * 8.5 * 12.5cm,ítem weíght - 0.59

REFERENCES

http://www.engíneersedge.com http://www.efunda.com http://www.steeltubeínstítute.org http://www.emjmetals.com http://www.usstubular.com

BOOKS REFERRED: 1. Machíne desígn by RS KHURMÍ 2. Work shop technology by RK JAÍN