Microwave Link Design_nueva Ecija 4o3w34

AMA Computer University Quezon City Campus

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING MICROWAVE LINK DESIGN

A DESIGN SUBMITTED TO ENGR. ANTIPAS TEOLOGO JR.

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE SUBJECT ECEG11A – EC

SUBMITTED BY: CALDERON, Leonard Andre’ MANALO, April Gray MORTALLA, Anjo PEGUIT, Jan Anthony 3nd Trimester 2009-2010

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PRELIMINARY PAGES: Letter of Transmittal …………………………………………………………………………………………… i Approval Sheet ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. ii Acknowledgement …………………………………………………………………………………………….… iii Dedication ……………………………………………………………………………………………….………….. iv Company Logo …………………………………………………………………………………………………….. v

CHAPTER 1:

A. Objectives ……………………………………………….…………….…….……….… 2 B. Foreword to the Design ……….………………………………...….............. 3 C. Scopes and Limitations ……………………………………..………………..….. 4 D. Significance of the Study …………………………..…………………….…….. 5 E. Review of Related Literature ……………………………….…….…………… 6

CHAPTER 2:

and Definitions …………………………………………………………………. 12

CHAPTER 3:

Factor Consideration in Choosing the Site …..…………….…………..…… 20

CHAPTER 4:

Site Description ……………………………………………………………..…………..... 25

CHAPTER 5:

Path Profile ………………………………………………….……….……………….…… 41

Microwave Link Design ECEG11A – EC

CHAPTER 6:

Link Budget Calculations A. Conditions for Putting Up a Microwave Link ………………….……… 44 B. Topographical Map of the Site ………..………………………............... 44 C. Frequency Plan ……………..………………………………..………………..….. 44 D. Azimuth Computation …………………………..……...……………….…….. 44 E. Antenna Gain ………………………………………………………………………… 44 F. Free Space Loss ………………………………………………….…….…………… 44 G. Received Signal Level ……………………………………………………………. 45 H. Thermal Fade Margin ……………………………………………………………. 47 I. Net Path Loss …………………………………………………………………………. 48 J. Effective Rain Path Length …………………………………………………….. 48 K. Rain Loss ………………………………………………………………………………. 49 L. Rain Attenuation …………………………………………………………………… 49 M. Atmospheric Losses …………………………………………………………….. 50 N. Water Vapor Losses ……………………………………………………………… 50 O. Flat Fade Margin ………………………………………………………………….. 51


P. Reliability Calculation ………………………………………………………..… 52 Q. K – Q Reliability …………………………………………………………………… 56 R. K – Q Reliability of Terrain Roughness …………………………………. 57 CHAPTER 7:

Conclusion and Recommendation ……………………………………………. 62

CHAPTER 8:

Equipment Specifications A. Antenna Specifications …………………………….………………….……… 64 B. Tower Specifications …………………………………………………………… 68 C. Waveguide Specifications …………………………………………………… 72

Bibliography …………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 73

APPENDICES:

Appendix A: Curriculum Vitae ………………….…………………………...… 75 Appendix B: Picture Gallery ………………………………………...………….. 79 Appendix C: List of Tables ………………………………..……………………….. 81 Appendix D: List of Formulas …………………….…………………………….. 84


LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL

March 27, 2010

Engr. Antipas Teologo Jr. College of Engineering AMA Computer University Project 8, Quezon City Dear Sir: In view of our requirements in the course Communications Theory 5, we have prepared documentation on “Microwave Link Design”. In relation to this we have come up with a proposed repeater, receiver and transmitter location with its equipment and specifications based on the design we have made. We are hoping that all the expectations were met with the completion of this design. Thank you very much.

Respectfully, _______________________________ Manalo, April Gray

_______________________________ Calderon, Leonard Andre’

_______________________________ Mortalla, Anjo

______________________________ Peguit, Jan Anthony


APPROVAL SHEET

This is to certify that the group have designed, conducted studies and documented important parameters in this microwave design which was prepared by the group entitled MICROWAVE LINK SYSTEM DESIGN, and that this document has been submitted for final examination by the oral examination committee.

_____________________________ Manalo, April Gray

____________________________ Calderon, Leonard Andre’

____________________________ Mortalla, Anjo

____________________________ Peguit, Jan Anthony

As member of the oral examination committee, we certify that we have examined this document and hereby recommend that it be accepted as fulfillment for the subject COMMUNICATIONS THEORY 5. ______________________________

This document is hereby approved and accepted by the Electronics Engineering Department as fulfillment of the design requirement for the subject COMMUNICATIONS THEORY 5. ______________________________ Engr. Antipas Teologo Jr.


ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We give our warmest thanks to the Calderon and Peguit family, for welcoming us in their humble homes during those sleepless nights of labor and hardwork. We also give our deep gratitude to Engr. Antipas Teologo Jr. who gave us the opportunity to gain the knowledge we need through practical applications and designs. We would also like to thank our parents who have ed us emotionally and financially in making this design. And also for letting us go through with the series of overnights to make this project successful. Your trust and understanding has given us the energy and lessen the pressures that we have. To the group, this would not be done without the trust and the cooperation within our group. And this whole thing would not be possible if we never believed with the capability of each other in doing our best. And most especially, we give our thanks to the Lord Almighty for all the guidance that He granted us in times of need. He unselfishly gave us wisdom to carry on and finish this project. And we owe Him the strength that pushed us to continue in all that we aim as a group, a friend and a family.


To our PARENTS, FRIENDS, LOVED ONES and THE LORD ALMIGHTY…



CHAPTER 1


A.

Objectives

B.

Foreword to the Design

C.

Scopes and Limitations

D.

Significance of the Study

E.

Review of Related Literature

OBJECTIVES

•

To be able to design a reliable Point-to-Point Microwave Cellular Communications System

•

To be able to design a “fully-operational” microwave link system having the ideal reliability of 99.9999%

•

To be able to know the general principles in Microwave Communications

•

To be able to come up with a project that will help the students grasp the idea of microwave design more comprehensively

•

To be able to provide the students a material that will serve as their guide in making their own microwave design


FOREWORD

This paper describes and provides guidelines for the design and implementation of a two-hop microwave communications system in Nueva Ecija, Philippines. Adherence to these guidelines should allow significant terrain and propagation dynamics as well as cost savings to be made for the pursuit of a highly reliable system. The suggested procedure and considerations are presented with the fundamental components of microwave path design: determining whether a proposed path is "line-of-sight", evaluating path clearances with regard to refractive effects, evaluating path clearances with regard to Fresnel zones, considering path reflections, deriving a power budget and the fade margin as well as the path reliability. This design focuses on a Microwave System designed for cellular communication. The system link’s Site A is located on General Tinio, Site B is located on Tampak-I, and Site C is located on Bongabon. A 13 Ghz operating frequency is used for both Hop 1 and Hop 2 and in each relay station in an SFN (single frequency network), the coupling from the transmitting antenna to receiving antenna causes loop interference. The interference must be reduced to an allowable level in order to avoid problems with distortion and oscillation so a Coupling Loop Interference Canceller was used.


SCOPES AND LIMITATIONS

This part deals with the scopes and limitations of the design. These categorize the reach and restrictions of the microwave system which might be useful to the readers of the paper and on the people of Nueva Ecija. The scope of the proposed project is focused on: •

The system is comprised of one transmitter, one receiver and one repeater.

•

The designed microwave link system is to operate at a frequency of 13Ghz for both Hop 1 and Hop 2.

•

A circuit called Coupling Loop Interference Canceller is used in the system to avoid co-channel interference in the transmit-receive process

The limitations of the proposed projects are as follows: •

The distance between sites of each hop is limited to 40 kilometers.

•

The system is comprised of only two hops.

•

The designed system is only to be used for cellular communication purposes.

•

The microwave link covers the province of Nueva Ecija only.


SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

Prior to the advent of commercial wireless communications market today, most microwave designs were destined for profitable applications.

Because of the fast

phasing of technology, there is a need, for students who are not yet in the actual field of their studies, to cope up with the technological advancements. This design will be of great help to the students to practice everything they have learned theoretically. This design intends to introduce the basics of microwave system design to the students who are required to take up this subject as well as to those who are interested in the field of microwave communications. This design as well will serve as a reference for students who will take the subject in the future.


REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This part aims to briefly discuss the concepts of microwave communications system, the design considerations and the components behind a fully functional system that would work under the conditions of being a microwave communications system design. From researches about Microwave Systems, it specifies that there are so many factors to consider in deg an effective and efficient microwave system.

Urgent Communications, Official Publication of IWCE Microwave communications path design poses many challenges. In addition to static gain and loss considerations, terrain and propagation dynamics can play a large role in determining whether a proposed path will have the required signal levels, clearances and reliability.


Electronic Communications Systems 5th Edition, Tomasi, 2004, p.1021

The free-space path is the line-of-sight path directly between the transmit and receive antennas (this is also called the direct wave).

If a prospective path is not line-of-sight, then an alternate route is considered. The transmit and receive antennas in a microwave system should have a line-of-sight to be able to transmit the intended signal and data. Determining whether a path is line-of-sight can be partially accomplished with the aid of a topographical map. This type of map will show the various elevations along the length of the path between proposed endpoints. Plotting these elevations at intervals will produce a path profile showing terrain relative to the antenna elevations. This graphical representation aids in determining not only whether a line-of-site condition exists between endpoints but also in measuring clearances between the center of the path and the surrounding terrain.


When evaluating a proposed path, the path profile should be developed first. This will identify path obstructions from terrain features. A field survey should follow, which offers the necessary visual confirmation that the height of man-made objects (which are not indicated on a topographical map) will not be located in or too near the proposed path. Communication Infrastructure Corporation, 2008


Figure 1: K factors describe the effective Earth radius, e.g., the radius of a hypothetical Earth for which the distance to the radio horizon in straight-line propagation is the same as for the actual Earth with a uniform vertical gradient of atmospheric refractive index.

Less obvious barriers to microwave signals include the Earth’s curvature (kfactor) and atmospheric conditions, which differ over geographic areas and change locally throughout the year. In coastal areas, for example, changes in atmospheric density due to temperature inversions, rain storms, and normal diurnal fluctuations can vary the Earth’s effective curvature from 4/3 to 0.5. During the year, a typical microwave path might experience a change in clearance by 20 feet or more. As atmospheric fluctuations cause the beam to bend, the signal strength can easily vary by 20 to 30 dBm. (See Figure 2) In order to for these fluctuations, the engineer must carefully calculate the Fresnel zone clearance based on the likely range of k-factors for the region where the microwave path is to be built. Thus, Fresnel zone clearance cannot be determined through a visual LOS survey. The entire path survey for a microwave link system includes four details according to a microwave communications company and these are as follows:


Communication Infrastructure Corporation, 2008

Detailed microwave path surveys include: •

Accurately locating the tower sites.

•

Plotting the tower sites and deriving an elevation profile.

•

Traversing the path on the ground to identify potential obstacles.

•

Determining the antenna heights and performing a reflection analysis.

Microwave link design covers a very wide range and field of study. A wellplanned system is very much required to reach the objectives in putting up a point-topoint LOS link.


CHAPTER 2 and Definitions


AND DEFINITIONS

Adjacent-channel interference fade margin (AIFM) (in decibels). s for receiver threshold degradation due to interference from adjacent channel transmitters. Antenna bandwidth.

The frequency range within which the antenna performance

meet specifications. Antenna gain. A measure of directivity properties and the efficiency of the antenna. It is defined as the ratio of the radiation intensity in the peak intensity direction to the intensity that would be obtained if the power accepted by the antenna were radiated isotropically. The difference between the antenna gain and the directivity is that the antenna efficiency is taken into in the former parameter. Antenna gain is measured in dBi, i.e. decibels relative to isotropic antenna. Branching losses. Comes from the hardware used to deliver the transmitter/receiver output to/from the antenna. Fading. Defined as the variation of the strength of a received radio carrier signal due to atmospheric changes and/or ground and water reflections in the propagation path. Four fading types are considered while planning links. They are all dependent on path


length and are estimated as the probability of exceeding a given (calculated) fade margin Fading Margin. Number of decibels of attenuation which may be added to a specified radio-frequency propagation path before the signal-to-noise ratio of a specified channel falls below a specified minimum in order to avoid fading. Allowance made in radio system planning to accommodate estimated fading. First Fresnel Zone.

Circular portion of a wavefront transverse to the line between an

emitter and a more distant point, where the resultant disturbance is being observed, whose center is the intersection of the front with the direct ray, and whose radius is such that the shortest path from the emitter through the periphery to the receiving point is one-half wavelength longer than the direct ray. Flat fade margin. In an analog microwave radio system, the flat fade margin is equal to the system total Gains minus system total losses. In a digital microwave radio system, the "flat" or thermal fade margin (TFM) is calculated from the system total Gains minus system total losses. Free Space Loss. The signal attenuation that would result if all absorbing, diffracting, obstructing, refracting, scattering, and reflecting influences were sufficiently removed


so as to have no effect on propagation. Note: Free-space loss is primarily caused by beam divergence, i.e., signal energy spreading over larger areas at increased distances from the source. Fresnel Zone. Circular portions of a wavefront transverse to a line between an emitter and a point where the disturbance is being observed; the nth zone includes all paths whose lengths are between n -1 and n half-wavelengths longer than the line-of-sight path. Also known as half-period zones.

Figure 2: Fresnel Zone in relation to distance


Gas absorption. Primarily due to the water vapor and oxygen in the atmosphere in the radio relay region.The absorption peaks are located around 23GHz for water molecules and 50 to 70 GHz for oxygen molecules.The specific attenuation (dB/Km)is strongly dependent on frequency, temperature and the absolute or relative humidity of the atmosphere. Interference fade margin (IFM).

Is the depth of fade to the point at which RF

interference degrades the BER to 1x 10-3 . The actual IFM value used in a path calculation depends on the method of frequency coordination being used. Line of Sight. An unobstructed view from transmitter to receiver. Link Budget. The ing of all of the gains and losses from the transmitter, through the medium (free space, cable, waveguide, fiber, etc.) to the receiver in a telecommunication system. It s for the attenuation of the transmitted signal due to propagation, as well as the antenna gains, feed line and miscellaneous losses. Randomly varying channel gains such as fading are taken into by adding some margin depending on the anticipated severity of its effects Microwave. These are the ultra high, super high and extremely high frequencies directly above the lower frequency ranges.


Microwave Link Design. A methodical, systematic and sometimes lengthy process that includes •

Loss/attenuation Calculations

•

Fading and fade margins calculations

•

Frequency planning and interference calculations

•

Quality and availability calculations

Miscellaneous (other) losses. Unpredictable and sporadic in character like fog, moving objects crossing the path, poor equipment installation and less than perfect antenna alignment etc. Multipath Fading. The dominant fading mechanism for frequencies lower than 10GHz. A reflected wave causes a multipath, i.e.when a reflected wave reaches the receiver as the direct wave that travels in a straight line from the transmitter. Multipath Interference. When signals arrive at a remote antenna after being reflected off the ground or refracted back to earth from the sky (sometimes called ducting), they will subtract (or add) to the main signal and cause the received signal to be weaker (or stronger) throughout the day.


Parabolic Antenna can be used as a transmit and receive antenna with both Single and Dual polarized feeds available. Frequencies from 1.7 to 23.6 GHz can be accommodated just by changing out the Feed assembly. Various mounting hardware and accessories availably. Dual frequency and specialty feeds are also available. Propagation losses. Losses due to Earth’s atmosphere and terrain. Rain Attenuation. Attenuation of radio waves when ing through moisture-bearing cloud formations or areas in which rain is falling; increases with the density of the moisture in the transmission path. Receive Signal Level. Receive signal level is the actual received signal level (usually measured in negative dBm) presented to the antenna port of a radio receiver from a remote transmitter. Receiver Sensitivity.

Receiver sensitivity is the weakest RF signal level (usually

measured in negative dBm) that a radio needs receive in order to demodulate and decode a packet of data without errors. Receiver sensitivity threshold. Is the signal level at which the radio runs continuous errors at a specified bit rate


Refraction – Diffraction Fading. Also known as k-type fading. For low k values, the Earth’s surface becomes curved and terrain irregularities, man-made structures and other objects may intercept the Fresnel Zone. For high k values, the Earth’s surface gets close to a plane surface and better LOS(lower antenna height) is obtained.

The

probability of refraction-diffraction fading is therefore indirectly connected to obstruction attenuation for a given value of Earth –radius factor. System Operating Margin. System operating margin (SOM) is the difference (measured in dB) between the nominal signal level received at one end of a radio link and the signal level required by that radio to assure that a packet of data is decoded without error. Thermal fade margin (TFM).

In db, is the difference between the normal received

signal RSL at the input of microwave receiver expressed in dbm and the receiver's threshold ( given by the manufacturer) expressed in dbm (TFM = RSL - TH ) Transmit Power. The transmit power is the RF power coming out of the antenna port of a transmitter. It is measured in dBm, Watts or milliWatts and does not include the signal loss of the coax cable or the gain of the antenna.


CHAPTER 3 Factor Consideration in Choosing the Site


FACTOR CONSIDERATION IN CHOOSING THE SITE

For many wireless carriers, microwave is becoming a popular choice over wire line transport. It is an attractive option for many reasons, especially as radio equipment costs decrease. Low monthly operating costs can undercut those of typical expenses, proving it more economical over the long term. But before you move forward, make sure you understand all of the design considerations that will affect your deployment. First, it is important to understand the relationship between capacity, frequency band, path distance, tower heights, radio equipment and antennas.

Frequency Options Wavelengths in the lower frequencies are longer, which is important because the wavelength determines how the atmosphere affects transmission. The atmosphere may refract longer waves. Refraction can reduce the length of the path, or microwave hop. Microwave Systems in the 2GHz to 6GHz frequencies can transmit over longer distances, which make them more suitable for rural areas. High-frequency systems are a better fit for suburban and urban environments.


Terrain and Weather Because line of sight is a microwave requirement, terrain such as mountains, hills, trees and buildings can block a microwave signal and limit the distance of a microwave path. Capacity is another important consideration. You can configure radios to carry a certain amount of traffic in a specific frequency.

Based on capacity and radio

equipment, antenna size, tower heights and terrain elevation will play a major role in how you plan and construct the system. These four factors also will dictate system reliability, multi-path fading, fade margin calculations, fresnel zone clearance, interference analysis, system diversity and long-distance specifications. You will use a large antenna (low frequency) when the path is longer. Large antennas require large towers and have higher wind factors. As a result, you also must consider existing tower loads to ensure that you can implement the design on existing or planned towers and structures. You also must take into attenuation, the reduction in energy as a signal travels through equipment, transmission lines or air. The term often refers to the impact


of rain, or fog as well as normal signal loss in the waveguide and microwave system itself. Path reliability normally has to meet the same standards as the rest of the microwave system. Reliability objectives are often stated on a per hop basis or end-toend. The objective applied to each hop is limited to a distance of 35km to 40km, having a ratio of 2cm : 1km. Fading mechanisms considered include fading due to multipath phenomena, obstructions, and rain attenuation. Equipment and power-source reliability demands are dealt with through a combination of highly reliable components plus designs that incorporate redundancy and protection.

Equipment Selection When selecting equipment, determine the amount of power the system uses to transmit and receive signals. More power usage equates to higher operating costs. System planners should perform path calculations to establish fade margins and system gain, taking into an estimate of system downtime for the locale of the planned radio (average rainfall). Fade margin is the allowance made to accommodate estimated propagation fading without exceeding a specified signal-to-noise ratio.


With careful attention to link gain power, antenna height, receiver sensitivity, free space loss, attenuation and availability requirements, you can integrate microwave radio effectively into virtually any wireless system.

Population Sites A, B, and C are located at towns in Nueva Ecija where the population is not that large, to avoid so much of external interference, however, the population is not that small as well to attain the objective of providing reliable information signals to the people.


CHAPTER 4 Site Description


SITE DESCRIPTION

Province of Nueva Ecija, Philippines

Founded in 1705 by Spanish Governor General Don Fausto Couzar, he named the province after his homeland Ecija in Seville, south of Spain. The province has three cities: Cabanatuan, San Jose, and Palayan, its capital. Nueva Ecija has a total land area of 550,718 hectares with 29 municipalities consisting of: Aliaga, Bongabon, Cabiao, Carranglan, Cuyapo, Gabaldon, Gapan, General M. Natividad, General Tinio, Guimba, Jaen, Laur, Licab, Llanera, Lupao, Muñoz, Nampicuan, Pantabangan, Peñaranda, Quezon, Rizal, San Antonio, San Isidro, San Leonardo, Sta. Rosa, Sto. Domingo,Talavera, Talugtug, and Zaragosa.


History Nueva Ecija was created as a military comandancia in 1777 by Governor General Clavería, with the capital at Baler (now part of Aurora). It was formerly part of the province of Pampanga. From its humble beginning, its land area grew to cover almost the entire island of Luzon. Spanish Records in the Philippines recognizes 2 Spanish countries in the Pacific-- Las Islas Filipinas and Nueva Ecija. Poverty was the only reason why Nueva Ecija was not given recognition as a separate country from the Philippines by the King of Spain in 1840s. From 1777 to 1917, Nueva Ecija's territory was however subdivided to give way to the creation of other provinces. The Province of Tayabas (now Aurora and Quezon) including Polilio Islands, the provinces of Palanan (now Isabela), Cagayan, the province of Nueva Vizcaya, the territory which became part of the Province of Quirino, and the province of Manila north of the province of Tondo in 1867, and the District of Morong (now Rizal) were among those created out of Nueva Ecija. The Province was named after the old city of Écija in Seville, Spain. In 1896, Nueva Ecija became one of the first provinces to revolt against Spanish rule, and one of the provinces which declared its independence in 1898.


Geography & Climate Nueva Ecija is bounded by the provinces of Pangasinan and Nueva Vizcaya on the north, Pampanga and Bulacan on the south, Aurora and Quezon on the east, and Tarlac on the west. Three mountain ranges bound the said province: Sierra Madre on the east, Caraballo on the north, and Cordillera on the west. The rainy season is from May to November and is dry the rest of the year. Most of the typhoons occur during the months of October and November. An average of six typhoons visit the province per annum. The mean average temperature at 27.3 degrees centigrade. The province is the largest in Central Luzon. Its terrain begins with the southwestern marshes near the Pampanga border. It levels off and then gradually increases in elevation to rolling hills as it approaches the mountains of Sierra Madre in the east, and the Caraballo and Cordillera ranges in the north.

Population & Languages/Dialects Based on the 1995 census, the population was recorded at 1,505,827. Cabanatuan City, being the center of economic activities in the province, is the most densely populated area. There are at least 41 languages and dialects used in the


province. Tagalog is the major tongue, followed by Ilocano and Pampango. Other languages and dialects (2 percent) are those coming from Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao. There are also tribal and ethnic groups in Nueva Ecija composed of Dumagats, Ilongots, Ibalois, Kankanaeys, Kalingas, Kalanguyas, among others. They live in the mountain ranges of Sierra Madre, Caraballo, and Cordillera.

Modern Infrastructure There are four major roads in Nueva Ecija: the Maharlika Highway, GapanOlongapo Road, Cabanatuan-Tarlac, and the Cabanatuan-Aurora Road. There are 104 concrete and two temporary bridges with a total length of 4,500 kilometers. The National Food Authority compound, Camp Tinio, Fort Magsaysay, and Nueva Ecija Grandstand have airstrips that cater only to small aircrafts.

Commerce & Industry Trading activities are agri-based mostly confined to buying and selling of agricrops, farm inputs, and small farm machineries augmented by the wholesale and retail business. The main industries in Nueva Ecija are as follows: wood and other forest


products processing, paper manufacturing, construction materials, mushroom culture and processing, livestock and poultry production, cattle breeding/fattening, and dairy production. Other industries are swine breeding/fattening, broiler production, egg production,

inland

fisheries,

agro-processing,

onion

dehydration,

cucumber

pickling/relishing, citrus fruit juices, mango juice, tomato paste and juice, garlic, sericulture, seed production,organic fertilizer production, sack manufacturing, bran oil processing, export industry forhandicrafts, trading services, agro-based enterprises, and other manufacturing industries like furniture making, construction materials, and metalcraft.

Preferred Investment Areas There are eight investment centers in Nueva Ecija: Cabanatuan, San Jose, and Palayan cities; Gapan, Talavera, Guimba, Sta. Rosa, and Muñoz. The preferred investment areas involve trading services, agriculture, construction hardwares, and manufacturing.


Tours & Transport There are various tourist spots in Nueva Ecija. Some of these are: the Minalungao National Park (Gapan), Barrio Puncan (Carranglan), Hot Springs (Rizal), Burburayok Springs (Talugtug), Pajanutic Falls (Carranglan), Palasapas Falls (San Jose City), historic Barrio Labi (Bongabon), Camp Pangatian (Cabanatuan City), Dalton (Carranglan), General Luna Statue Marker (Cuyapo), Pantabangan Dam (Pantabangan), Diamond Park (San Jose City), and the Rubber Dam in Llanera. There are many transportation facilities in the area. The Baliwag Transit Inc., Five Star Transit, Ram Transit, RL Bus, Royal Eagle, Arayat Express, Sierra Madre Transit, ABC Transit, and Danilo Transit are some of the buses playing the area. Mini buses and jeepneys can also take you from one point to another.

Water & Power Supply Majority of industrial, commercial, and domestic water s using ground water are supplied by local water utilities or privately-owned deep well pumps. The city/municipal water districts and the National Irrigation istration - Upper Pampanga River Integrated Irrigation Systems also supply water to the municipal and


rural areas of the province. Napocor and Masiway Hydroelectric Power Plant of Pantabangan, and Bitas Power Plant are the major sources of power in the province. NEECO I, II & III, and San Jose Electric Company are the electric cooperatives which also extend electric utilities in some of the barangays The historical Freedom Park which include the in the province.


SITE A: GENERAL TINIO, Nueva Ecija

General Tinio is a 2nd class municipality in the province of Nueva Ecija, Philippines. According to the latest census, it has a population of 38,640 people in 6,878 households. The town is at the foot of the Sierra Mountain Ridges ading the Fort Magsaysay Army Reservation on the Eastside. The municipalities of San Miguel, Bulacan, Peñaranda and San Leonardo, Nueva Ecija abut the town from its South, West and Northside.

Barangays General Tinio is politically subdivided into 13 barangays consisting of:

•

Bago (Barangay 6)

•

Concepcion (Barangay 2)

•

Nazareth (Barangay 5)

•

Pias (Barangay 3)

•

Padolina (Barangay 1)

•

Poblacion Central (Barangay 8)


•

Palale (reclaimed from Palayan City)

•

Poblacion East (Barangay 10)

•

Rio Chico (Barangay 4)

•

Poblacion West (Barangay 7)

•

Sampaguita (Barangay 11)

•

Pulong Matong (Barangay 12)

•

San Pedro (Barangay 9)


SITE B: GUIMBA, Nueva Ecija

Guimba is a 1st class municipality in the province of Nueva Ecija, Philippines. According to the latest census, it has a population of 96,116 people in 19,207 households. It was incorporated by the King of Spain by virtue of a royal decree in 1897.

Barangays

Guimba is politically subdivided into 64 barangays.

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

Agcano Ayos Lomboy Bacayao Bagong Barrio Balbalino Balingog East Balingog West Banitan Bantug Bulakid Bunol Caballero Cabaruan Caingin Tabing Ilog Calem Camiing Cardinal Casongsong


• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

Escano Faigal Galvan Guiset Lamorito Lennec Macamias Macapabellag Macatcatuit Manacsac Manggang Marikit Maturanoc Maybubon Naglabrahan Nagpandayan Narvacan I Narvacan II Pacac

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

Saint John District (Pob.) San Agustin San Andres San Bernardino San Marcelino San Miguel San Rafael San Roque Santa Ana Santa Cruz Santa Lucia Santa Veronica District (Pob.) Santo Cristo District (Pob.) Saranay District (Pob.) Sinulatan Subol

• • • • •

Catimon Cavite Cawayan Bugtong, Consuelo Culong


• • •

Partida I Partida II Pasong Intsik

• • • •

Tampac I Tampac II & III Triala Yuson

SITE C: Bongabon, Nueva Ecija

Bongabon is a 2nd class municipality in the province of Nueva Ecija, Philippines. According to the latest census, it has a population of 73,639 people in 10,184 households in 28,352.90 hectares land area. It is the leading producer of onion in the Philippines and in Southeast Asia. Each barangay in Bongabon has its own fiesta. The town fiesta, celebrated annually on the 1st to 2nd week of April, is known as the Sibuyasan Onion Festival.

Barangays Bongabon is politically subdivided into 28 barangays. The number following the barangay name in the listing is its population Population Center • • • • • • • • •

Commercial, 597 Kaingin, 2,222 Magtanggo, 1,287 Mantile, 980 Palomaria, 1,377 Rizal, 2,605 Sampalucan, 1,390 San Roque, 2,226 Sinipit, 1,806


Rural area • • • • • • • • •

Antipolo, 3,077 Ariendo, 723 Bantug, 820 Calaanan, 1,622 Cruz, 1,434 Curva, 2,742 Digmala, 762 Larcon, 1,285 Labi, 922

• • •

Sisilang, 657 Social, 630 Tulay na Bato (New Era), 1,578


• • • • • • •

Lusok, 1,657 Macabaclay, 1,770 Olivete, 1,735 Pesa, 1,682 Santor, 5,088 Tugatog, 1,502 Vega Grande, 5,029

CHAPTER 5 Path Profile


CHAPTER 6 Link Budget Calculations

A. Conditions for Putting Up a Microwave Link

J. Effective Rain Path Length K. Rain Loss

B. Topographical Map of the Site

L. Rain Attenuation

C. Frequency Plan

M. Atmospheric Losses

D. Azimuth Computation

N. Water Vapor Losses

E. Antenna Gain

O. Flat Fade Margin

F. Free Space Loss

P. Reliability Calculation

G. Received Signal Level

Q. K – Q Reliability

H. Thermal Fade Margin

R. K – Q Reliability of Terrain

I. Net Path Loss


Roughness

LINK BUDGET CALCULATIONS

A. CONDITIONS FOR PUTTING UP A MICROWAVE LINK Path Length (Site A – Site B): 40 km Path Length (Site B – Site C): 40 km Reliability Requirement: 99.9995% - 99.9999% B. TOPOGRAPHICAL SITE OF THE MAP The Scale used is 1:50,000 Hop 1: Sampaguita, General Tinio, Nueva Ecija to Tampac I, Guimba, Nueva Ecija Hop 2: Tampac I, Guimba, Nueva Ecija to Larcon, Bongabon, Nueva Ecija C. FREQUENCY PLAN For Hop 1: Frequency Band: 13 GHz Frequency Range: 12.75 – 13.25GHz For Hop 2: Frequency Band: 13 GHz Frequency Range: 12.75 – 13.25GHz D. FREE SPACE LOSS FSL = 92.4 + 20 log (fGHz) (D) For Hop 1 & Hop 2 LBF: HBF:

FSL = 92.4 + 20 log (12.75) (40) = 146.55 dB FSL = 92.4 + 20 log (13.25) (40) = 146.86 dB


E. RECEIVED SIGNAL LEVEL RSL = Po + AGTx + AGRx - CLTx - CLRx - WLTx - WLRx – FSL For Hop 1 LBF: HBF:

RSL = 26 + 41.4 + 41.4 – 0.5 – 0.5 – 11.51 – 12.66 – 146.55 = -62.92 dB RSL = 26 + 41.8 + 41.8 – 0.5 – 0.5 – 11.51 – 12.66 – 146.55 = -62.92 dB

For Hop 2 LBF: HBF:

RSL = 26 + 41.4 + 41.4 – 0.5 – 0.5 – 16.11 – 12.66 – 146.55 = -67.52 dB RSL = 26 + 41.8 + 41.8 – 0.5 – 0.5 – 16.11 – 12.66 – 146.55 = -67.03 dB

LINK PARAMETERS Hop 1: Computation for Low Band Frequency (12.75 Ghz) Parameters Microwave Radio Output Power Connector Loss (Tx) Waveguide Loss (Tx) Antenna Gain (Tx) Free Space Loss Antenna Gain (Rx) Waveguide Loss (Rx) Connector Loss (Rx) Power Input to Receiver (RSL) Minimum Receiver Threshold Microwave Link Design ECEG11A – EC

Value 26 0.5 11.51 41.4 146.55 41.4 12.66 0.5 -62.92 -91

Unit dB dB dB dB dB dB dB dB dB dB

Computation for High Band Frequency (13.25 Ghz) Parameters Microwave Radio Output Power Connector Loss (Tx) Waveguide Loss (Tx) Antenna Gain (Tx) Free Space Loss Antenna Gain (Rx) Waveguide Loss (Rx) Connector Loss (Rx) Power Input to Receiver (RSL) Minimum Receiver Threshold

Value 26 0.5 11.51 41.8 146.86 41.8 12.66 0.5 -62.43 -91


Hop 2: Computation for Low Band Frequency (12.75 Ghz) Parameters Microwave Radio Output Power Connector Loss (Tx) Waveguide Loss (Tx) Antenna Gain (Tx) Free Space Loss Antenna Gain (Rx) Waveguide Loss (Rx) Connector Loss (Rx) Power Input to Receiver (RSL) Minimum Receiver Threshold


Value 26 0.5 12.66 41.4 146.55 41.4 16.11 0.5 -67.52 -91


Computation for High Band Frequency (13.25 Ghz) Parameters Microwave Radio Output Power Connector Loss (Tx) Waveguide Loss (Tx) Antenna Gain (Tx) Free Space Loss Antenna Gain (Rx) Waveguide Loss (Rx) Connector Loss (Rx) Power Input to Receiver (RSL) Minimum Receiver Threshold

F. THERMAL FADE MARGIN TFM = RSL – MRT For Hop 1 LBF: HBF:

TFM = -62.92 dB – (-91 dB) = 28.08 dB TFM = -62.43 dB – (-91 dB) = 28.57 dB

For Hop 2 LBF: HBF:

TFM = -67.52 dB – (-91 dB) = 23.48 dB TFM = -67.03 dB – (-91 dB) = 23.97 dB


Value 26 0.5 12.66 41.8 146.86 41.8 16.11 0.5 -67.03 -91


G. NET PATH LOSS NPL = Power Output – RSL For Hop 1 LBF:

NPL = 26 dB – (-62.92 dB) = 88.92 dB HBF: NPL = 26 dB – (-62.43 dB) = 88.43 dB For Hop 2

LBF: HBF:

NPL = 26 dB – (-67.52 dB) = 93.52 dB NPL = 26 dB – (-67.03 dB) = 93.03 dB

H. RAIN LOSS For Hop 1 & Hop 2 LBF: M = (log 12 – log 12.75)/(log 12 – log 15) M = 0.27 k = log-1 [(log 0.0335) – (0.27 (log 0.0335 – log 0.0168))] k = 0.029 α = 1.154 – (0.27)(1.154-1.217) α = 1.17 HBF: M = (log 12 – log 13.25)/(log 12 – log 15) M = 0.44


k = log-1 [(log 0.0335) – (0.44 (log 0.0335 – log 0.0168))] k = 0.025 α = 1.154 – (0.44)(1.154-1.217) α = 1.18 I. EFFECTIVE RAIN PATH LENGTH Do = 35 x e-0.015 x R0.01 Do = 35 x e-0.015 x 180 Do = 2.35 DE = D/ [1 + (D/Do)] Hop 1: DE = 40 / [1 + (40/2.35)] = 2.22 Hop 2: DE = 40 / [1 + (40/2.35)] = 2.22

J. RAIN ATTENUATION Hop 1 & Hop 2 LBF: γ = k (180)α γ = 0.029 (180)1.17 γ = 12.62 Arain = DE (γ) Arain = 2.22 (12.62) Arain = 28.0164 dB


HBF: γ = k (180)α γ = 0.025 (180)1.18 γ = 11.46 Arain = DE (γ) Arain = 2.22 (11.46) Arain = 25.4412 dB

K. ATMOSPHERIC LOSSES o

Oxygen Absorption Loss Ao = [7.19 x 10-3 + (6.09/(f2 + 0.227)) + (4.81/((f-57)2 + 1.5)))] (f2 x 10-3) D

LBF: Ao = [7.19 x 10-3 + (6.09/(12.752 + 0.227)) + (4.81/((12.75 – 57)2 + 1.5)))] (12.752 x 10-3) D Ao = 7.79 x 10-3 dB/km Ao for 40 km = 0.3116 dB HBF: Ao = [7.19 x 10-3 + (6.09/(13.252 + 0.227)) + (4.81/((13.25– 57)2 + 1.5))] (13.252 x 10- ) D Ao = 7.78 x 10-3 dB/km Ao for 40 km = 0.3112 dB 3

o

Water Vapor Loss

AH2O = [0.067 + (3/((f-22.3)2 + 7.3)) + (9/((f-183.3)2 + 6)) + ( 4.3/ ((f-323.8)2 + 10))] (f2 x α x 10-4)


LBF: AH2O = [0.067 + (3/((12.75-22.3)2 + 7.3)) + (9/((12.75-183.3)2 + 6)) + ( 4.3/ ((12.75323.8)2 + 10))] (12.752 x 1.17 x 10-4) AH2O = 1.86 x 10-3 dB/km AH2O for 40km = 0.0744 dB HBF: AH2O = [0.067 + (3/((13.25-22.3)2 + 7.3)) + (9/((13.25-183.3)2 + 6)) + ( 4.3/ ((13.25323.8)2 + 10))] (13.252 x 1.18 x 10-4) AH2O = 2.09 x 10-3 dB/km AH2O for 40km = 0.0836 dB

L. FLAT FADE MARGIN FMFlat = -10 log[10(-FMthermal/10) +10 (-FMdiff/10) For Hop 1 FMFlat = -10 log[10(-28.08/10) +10 (-28.08/10) = 25.07 dB HBF: FMFlat = -10 log[10(-28.57/10) +10 (-28.57/10) = 25.56 dB For Hop 2 LBF:

LBF: HBF:

FMFlat = -10 log[10(-23.48/10) +10 (-23.48/10) = 20.46 dB FMFlat = -10 log[10(-23.97/10) +10 (-23.97/10) = 20.96 dB

M. COMPOSITE OR EFFECTIVE FADE MARGIN FMCOMPOSITE = -10 log[10(-FMthermal/10) +RD10 (-FM Dispersive/10)


Considering a dispersive fade margin of 70 dB with an average fade occurrence factor equal to 3, the computation for composite fade margin can be done. For Hop 1 LBF: FMCOMPOSITE = -10 log[10(-28.08/10) +(3)(10 (-70/10)) FMCOMPOSITE = 28.08 dB HBF: FMCOMPOSITE = -10 log[10(-28.57/10) +(3)(10 (-70/10)) FMCOMPOSITE = 28.57 dB

For Hop 2 LBF: FMCOMPOSITE = -10 log[10(-23.48/10) +(3)(10 (-70/10)) FMCOMPOSITE = 23.48 dB HBF: FMCOMPOSITE = -10 log[10(-23.97/10) +(3)(10 (-70/10)) FMCOMPOSITE = 23.97 dB

N. RELIABILITY CALCULATIONS Hop 1: Distance (km) 0 1 2 3 Microwave Link Design ECEG11A – EC

Path Elevations 0 0 0 0

Path Elevations Squared 0 0 0 0

4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 Microwave Link Design ECEG11A – EC

47 38 0 0 0 39 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 25 0 0 26 28 28 0 0 28 0 0 29 0 0 33 37 37

2209 1444 0 0 0 1521 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 625 0 0 676 784 784 0 0 784 0 0 841 0 0 1089 1369 1369

40 SUM AVERAGE STANDARD DEVIATION

0 395 9.875

0 13495 337.375 15.49

Average Terrain Elevation = M = 9.875 Standard Deviation of the Elevations = S = 15.49 Hop 2: Distance (km) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 Microwave Link Design ECEG11A – EC

Path Elevations 0 0 0 0 24 38 0 0 0 39 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 58 0 0

Path Elevations Squared 0 0 0 0 576 1444 0 0 0 1521 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3364 0 0

26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 SUM AVERAGE STANDARD DEVIATION

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 59 0 0 0 0 218 5.45

Average Terrain Elevation = M = 5.45 Standard Deviation of the Elevations = S = 15.16

O. K-Q RELIABILITY CALCULATION U = K-Q x fb x Dc x 10(-FMeff/10) Hop 1 LBF:

U = 1 x 10-9 (12.751.2)(403.5)(10(-28.08/10)) = 1.34 x 10-8

HBF:

U = 1 x 10-9 (13.251.2)(40 3.5)(10(-28.57/10)) = 1.25 x 10-8

Hop 2 LBF:

U = 1 x 10-9 (12.751.2)(403.5)(10(-23.48/10))


0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3481 0 0 0 0 10386 259.65 15.16

= 3.85 x 10-8 HBF:

U = 1 x 10-9 (13.251.2)(40 3.5)(10(-23.97/10)) = 3.60 x 10-8

R = (1 – U) x 100% For Hop 1 LBF:

R = (1 – 1.34 x 10-8) x 100% = 99.99999866%

HBF:

R = (1 – 1.25 x 10-8) x 100% = 99.99999875%

For Hop 2 LBF:

R = (1 – 3.85 x 10-8) x 100% = 99.99999615%

HBF:

R = (1 – 3.60 x 10-8) x 100% = 99.9999964%

P. K-Q RELIABILITY WITH TERRAIN ROUGHNESS U = (K-Q/S1.3) x fb x Dc x 10(-FMeff/10) Hop 1: LBF: HBF:

U = (1 x 10-9/15.491.3) (12.751.2) (403.5) (10(-28.08/10)) = 3.79 x 10-7 U = (1 x 10-9/15.491.3) (13.251.2) (40 3.5) (10(-28.57/10)) = 3.55 x 10-7


Hop 2: LBF: HBF:

U = (1 x 10-9/15.161.3) (12.751.2) (403.5) (10(-23.48/10)) = 1.12 x 10-6 U = (1 x 10-9/15.161.3) (13.251.2) (40 3.5) (10(-23.97/10)) = 1.05 x 10-6 R = (1 – U) x 100%

Hop 1: LBF: HBF:

R = (1 – 3.79 x 10-7) x 100% = 99.9999621% R = (1 – 3.55 x 10-7) x 100% = 99.9999645%

Hop 2: LBF: HBF:

R = (1 – 1.12 x 10-6) x 100% = 99.99988% R = (1 – 1.05 x 10-6) x 100% = 99.999895%

Microwave Path Data Sheet Customer: Project Number: Frequency Band Used: Low Band Frequency: High Band Frequency: Equipment: Site A: Site B: Site C: Hop 1 Path Length: Hop 2 Path Length:


TELCO 3 13 GHz 12.75 Ghz 13.25 GHz Digital Microwave Radio AT 9900 Sampaguita, General Tinio, Nueva Ecija Tampac I, Guimba, Nueva Ecija Larcon, Bongabon, Nueva Ecija 40 km 40 km

Site Information

Gen. Tinio (A)

Guimba (B)

Bongabon (C)

Longitude: Latitude: Site Elevation: Antenna Height: Equipment Information

121’ 02’35.9” 15’ 21’32.7” 0 80 m

120’ 47’19.8” 15’ 37’20.6” 0 90 m

121’ 09’44” 15’ 38’15.9” 0 120 m

Transmitter Output Power: Receiver Input Threshold: Connector Loss: Waveguide Loss: Site A: Site B: Site C: Antenna Gain – Low: High:

26 - 91 0.5 11.51 12.66 16.11 41.4 41.8

Path Losses

LBF

HBF

Free Space Loss: Atmospheric Loss: Water Vapor Loss: Rain Attenuation:

146.55 dB 0.3116 dB 0.0744 dB 28.0164 dB

146.86 dB 0.3112 dB 0.0836 dB 25.4412 dB

Fade Margins Thermal FM: Flat FM: Effective FM:

dB dB dB dB dB dB dB dB

Hop 1 LBF 28.08 dB 25.07 dB 28.08 dB


HBF 28.57 dB 25.56 dB 28.57 dB

Hop 2 LBF 23.48 dB 20.46 dB 23.48 dB

HBF 23.97 dB 20.96 dB 23.97 dB

Path Reliability : K-Q Reliability Calculation: Hop 1: Hop 2: K-Q Reliability Calculation w/ Terrain Roughness Hop 1: Hop 2:


LBF

HBF

99.99999866% 99.99999615%

99.99999875% 99.9999964%

99.9999621% 99.9999645%

99.99988% 99.999895%

CHAPTER 7 Conclusion and Recommendation


CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

Microwave link design is a specific sort of engineering in the broader field of communications. Most installers know that clear line of sight is required between two antennas, but there is a lot more to it than that. To have some certainty as to whether your wireless link will be reliable, an RF path analysis needs to be performed. A clear understanding of the microwave network build-out process is essential for the successful implementation of a project, whether it is a new system or an upgrade/expansion of an existing one. Upon the completion of this design, we were able to meet the needed outcomes and conditions regarding the design. We were able to make a Point – to –Point Cellular Link System design having a 99.99999% reliability. Due to the importance of a design like this, we highly recommend this paper to the students who are interested in microwave communications system design and to those who are required to take the subject Microwave Engineering and make their own link design.


CHAPTER 8 Equipment Specifications


Bibliography

Books: Ampoloquio, J. (2005), SUPERBook Electronic Systems and Technology Blake, R. (2008), Electronic Communication Systems – 2nd Edition, Singapore: Delmar Freeman, R. (1991), Telecommunications Transmission Handbook – 3rd Edition, Canada: Wiley & Sons Frenzel, L. (1994), Communications Electronics – 2nd Edition, Singapore: Mcgraw-Hill Rule, M,. Fundamentals of Microwave Communication with Microwave Planning Guide Tomasi, W. (2004), Electronic Communications System – 5th Edition, New Jersey: Pearson Education Inc. Internet: http://digital-microwave-radio.at-communication.com/en/at/at9900.html www.electronicslab.ph www.wikipedia.org www.ydi.com Publications: Urgent Communications: The official publication of IWCE Young Design Inc., 2002


APPENDICES

Appendix A: Curriculum Vitae Appendix B: Picture Gallery Appendix C: List of Tables Appendix D: List of Formulas


PHOTO GALLERY





LIST OF TABLES

Microwave Radio – Frequency Assignments SERVICE Military Operational Fixed Studio - Transmitter Link Common Carrier Operational Fixed Operational Carrier Operational Fixed Operational Fixed Television Common Carrier and Satellite Down - Link Military Military Common Carrier and Satellite Up - Link Operation Fixed Studio - Transmitter Link Common Carrier and Satellite Down - Link Common Carrier and Satellite Up - Link Common Carrier Operational Fixed Cable Television (CATV) Studio Link Studio - Transmitter Link Military Common Carrier Satellite Up - Link Satellite Down - Link Satellite Cross - Link Satellite Cross - Link Microwave Link Design ECEG11A – EC

FREQUENCY (MHz) 1710 - 1850 1850 - 1990 1990 - 2110 2110 - 2130 2130 - 2150 2160 - 2180 2180 - 2200 2500 - 2690 3700 - 4200 4400 - 4990 5250 - 5350 5925 - 6425 6575 - 6875 6875 - 7125 7250 - 7750 7900 - 8400 10700 - 11700 12200 - 12700 12700 - 12950 12950 - 13200 14400 - 15250 17700 - 19300 26000 - 32000 39000 - 42000 50000 - 51000 54000 - 62000

BAND L L L S S S S S S C C C C C C X X X Ku Ku Ka Ka K Q V V

CCIR RECC. 530 method

Frequency

kH

kV

αV

αH

1

0.0000387 0.0000352 0.912 0.880

2

0.0001540 0.0001380 0.963 0.923

4

0.0006500 0.0005910 1.121 1.075

6

0.0017500 0.0015500 1.308 1.265

7

0.0030100 0.0026500 1.332 1.312

8

0.0045400 0.0039500 1.327 1.310

10

0.0101000 0.0088700 1.276 1.264

12

0.0188000 0.0468000 1.217 1.200

15

0.0367000 0.0335000 1.154 1.128

20

0.0751

0.0691

1.099 1.065

25

0.124

0.113

0.061 1.030

30

0.187

0.167

1.021 1.000

35

0.263

0.233

0.979 0.963

40

0.350

0.310

0.939 0.929


LIST OF FORMULAS

EARTH CURVATURE:

(d1 d2 ) / 17

GROUND ELEVATION:

Path Elevation + Earth Curvature

OBSTRUCTION HEIGHT:

Ground Elevation + Allowance

LINE OF SIGHT: LARGER 1ST FRESNEL:

SQRT (d1 d2 /(fD))*(17.31)

0.6 LARGER 1ST FRESNEL:

0.6 (Larger 1st Fresnel)

1.5 LARGER 1ST FRESNEL:

1.5 (Larger 1st Fresnel)

CLEARANCE 1ST FRESNEL:

LOS - (Larger 1st Fresnel + Obstruction Height)

0.6 CLEARANCE 1ST FRESNEL:

LOS - (0.6 Larger 1st Fresnel + Obstruction Height)

GRAPH LARGER 1ST FRESNEL:

LOS – Larger 1st Fresnel

GRAPH 0.6 LARGER 1ST FRESNEL:

LOS – 0.6 Larger 1st Fresnel

GRAPH 1.5 LARGER 1ST FRESNEL:

LOS – 1.5 Larger 1st Fresnel

FREE SPACE LOSS: RECEIVED SIGNAL LEVEL:

FSL = 92.4 + 20 log (fGHz) (D) RSL = Po + AGTx + AGRx - CLTx - CLRx - WLTx - WLRx – FSL

THERMAL FADE MARGIN:

TFM = RSL – MRT

NET PATH LOSS:

NPL = Power Output – RSL


EFFECTIVE RAIN PATH LENGTH:

Do = 35 x e-0.015 x R0.01 Do = 35 x e-0.015 x 180 Do = 2.35 DE = D/ [1 + (D/Do)]

RAIN ATTENUATION:

γ = k (180)α Arain = DE (γ)

ATMOSPHERIC LOSSES: Oxygen Absorption Loss Ao = [7.19 x 10-3 + (6.09/(f2 + 0.227)) + (4.81/((f-57)2 + 1.5)))] (f2 x 10-3) D Water Vapor Loss AH2O = [0.067 + (3/((f-22.3)2 + 7.3)) + (9/((f-183.3)2 + 6)) + ( 4.3/ ((f-323.8)2 + 10))] (f2 x α x 10-4)

FLAT FADE MARGIN FMFlat = -10 log[10(-FMthermal/10) +10 (-FMdiff/10)


COMPOSITE OR EFFECTIVE FADE MARGIN FMCOMPOSITE = -10 log[10(-FMthermal/10) +RD10 (-FM Dispersive/10)

K-Q RELIABILITY CALCULATION U = K-Q x fb x Dc x 10(-FMeff/10)

K-Q RELIABILITY WITH TERRAIN ROUGHNESS U = (K-Q/S1.3) x fb x Dc x 10(-FMeff/10)



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