Patterns Of Development In Writing Across Disciplines a4032

Patterns of Development in Writing Across Disciplines Reading and Writing Senior High School

There are ways to develop your ideas in writing.

Narration Narration tells a story.  It relates an incident or a series of events that leads to a conclusion or ending. It tells the readers when, where, and what happened.

 A narrative paragraph contains action verbs and transition words that indicate time or sequence. *Transition words used to signal time or sequence order:  First, second, etc.  After, next, then, eventually, soon  Meanwhile, a short time later  During, at the same time, simultaneously  Suddenly, instantly, momentarily  The next day, following, thereafter  In the end, ultimately

Example Last night, I was walking on my way home when it suddenly rained. I forgot to bring my umbrella, so I ran to avoid getting completely soaked in the rain. Not seeing where I was going, I fell into a paddle of water. Then a guy helped me stand up. When I looked up, I recognized him. Momentarily, I forgot that I was soaking wet and that I was very cold. He offered to walk me home, and I just nodded. The next day, he and I saw each other at school. At last, we talked like old friends.

Description Description gives information of what a person, an object, a place, or a situation is like.  It appeals to the reader’s senses

Types of Description 1.Objective Description looks into factual and scientific characteristics of what is being described as objectively as possible * The writer stays away from emotional impressions or responses and instead, describes the scene as it is

The Acer barbatum is a small to medium-sized, deciduous tree usually ranging from 15 to 25 m. (50 to 80 ft.) tall when mature. Its bark is light gray and smooth on younger trees, and it becomes ridged and furrowed with age. Leaves are opposite and shallowly to deeply palmately lobed, with a few blunt teeth but no serrations. The leaf sinuses are rounded, unlike those of red maple (Acer rubrum) which are sharply Vshaped. Also, the sides of terminal leaf lobes are more or less parallel, while those of red maple are widest at the base, tapering to the tip.

Types of Description 1.Subjective Description a sort of description that the author would normally use to “paint a picture” of how he sees a character, or how he wants the reader to see a character -

Example: My mother had hair so dark that it looked like a waterfall of ink. She always kept it in a braid that fell to her slim waist, and always tied with a plain black band. The braid of black slung over her shoulder, the plaits shining like scales.

The tarsier has soft, grayish fur. It has batlike ears and a long, rat-like tail. It only stands about 100 millimeters. It feeds on insects like crickets, beetles, and termites; and on small animals, too, like lizards, frogs, and small birds. Also, it is capable of turning its head 180 degrees and jumping backward with accuracy.

Definition Definition explains a concept, term, or subject. explains not just what something means or is, but also what something does, what something is used for, what something looks like, etc

Example The greenhouse effect is a natural process. As the sun shines, Earth absorbs some of its energy. Then the greenhouse gases in the atmosphere like water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and the ozone absorb and emit that energy. This energy warms the atmosphere as well as the Earth’s surface. As a result, the process keeps Earth warm.

Exemplification and Classification Exemplification

-the main idea is explained by giving an extended example or a series of detailed examples. -simply proving or ing your point, or thesis with examples.

Today, men and women of all ages undergo surgery to feel good about themselves. Three of the most popular surgical procedures are liposuction, facelifts, and hair transplants. First, liposuction is a quick fix for those who find good diet and exercise ineffective and time consuming. Next, surgical facelifts promise men and women a younger and fresher look. Lastly, hair transplants are now possible, especially for balding men. Thanks to medical advances, men can now avoid the harsh reality of losing their hair by undergoing a long-lasting hair transplant procedure.

Types of Examples Examples that illustrate - use concrete examples to illustrate an idea. Examples that explain - give an explanation to illustrate a concept.

Examples that tell a story - use a short story to illustrate a point. Examples that describe - use examples to make help the reader visualize a scene or a thing

Examples that illustrate -Muslim woman are active, assertive and engaged in society. In Qatar, women make up the majority of graduate school students. The Iranian parliament has more women that the U.S. Senate. Throughout the world, many Muslim women are educated and professionally trained. They participate in public debates…

Examples that explain But I came to realize that those husbands who helped very little at home were often just as deeply affected as their wives – through the resentment their wives felt toward them and through their own need to steel themselves against resentment.

Examples that tell a story One day, rushing into the office of a magazine I was writing for with a deadline story in hand, I was mistaken for a burglar. The office manager called the security and with an ad hoc posse, pursued me through the labyrinthine hall, nearly to me..

Exemplification and Classification Classification Classification refers to sorting or arranging subjects (e.g., persons, places, things, ideas) into groups or categories according to their common or shared characteristic.

 The Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) are composed of the Philippine Army, the Philippine Air Force, the Philippine Navy, and the Philippine Marine Corps. The Philippine Army, the main and largest branch, is responsible for ground warfare. It was established on December 21, 1935, and it has 86,000 active personnel. The Philippine Air Force is the aerial warfare service branch. It has 15,000 active personnel and a total of 126 aircraft. It has been active since July 1, 1947. The Philippine Navy is the naval service branch. It was founded on May 20, 1898 and has a total of 101 ships and 24,000 active personnel. The Philippine Marine Corps conducts amphibious and expeditionary warfare as well as special operation missions. It was established on November 2, 1950, and it has 8,300 active personnel.

Dogs are domesticated animals that have been living with humans for generations. Dogs can be classified in a number of different ways. For example, they can be classified by breed. Examples of different breeds include beagles, basset hounds, poodles and countless others as defined by the American Kennel Club (AKC). They can also be classified by their role in the lives of their masters and the work they do. For example, a dog might be a family pet, a working dog, a show dog, or a hunting dog. In many cases, dogs are defined both by their breed and their roll. For example, a dog could be a beagle that is a family pet.

Using Exemplification and Classification You can use both exemplification and classification in developing a paragraph. You can begin by classifying some ideas and then explain each idea by giving examples.

Pollution of air, land, and water affects people’s health. Toxic gases, particulate matter (e.g., smoke, soot, dust), and other hazardous air pollutants can contaminate the air. If breathed, the air causes or exacerbates serious respiratory problems, such as asthma, bronchitis, emphysema, and lung disease. Toxic wastes like chemicals, garbage, pesticides, and heavy metals make the land toxic. If people are exposed to such land, they can develop skin problems, deformities, and certain types of cancer. Chemicals, sewage, fertilizers, and other harmful substances can contaminate primary water sources like the oceans, seas, rivers, lakes, and streams. Water from affected sources can cause stomach illness, liver damage, certain types of cancer, and neurological problems in people.

Comparison and Contrast Organizes ideas based on how events, places, people, things, and concepts are similar to or different from each other

A. separately – involves describing one item first followed by the second time B. side-by-side – involves discussing both items based on each point of comparison

Cause and Effect Explains why something happens or what results a particular event produces  A cause is simply “why something happens,”  effect is “what happens.”

The following words can be used to signal cause and effect: as a result accordingly

because of (this) due to (this) consequently

hence/therefore/thus

There are three different ways to use the cause-and-effect pattern in writing:

Cause to effect Effect to cause Consecutive cause and effect

Cause and Effect

Salmonellosis is a type of food poisoning caused by Salmonella enterica bacterium. People who are infected with such illness experience abdominal cramps, fever, and diarrhea. Consequently, they suffer from severe dehydration, vomiting, headaches, and body aches. Furthermore, salmonellosis can lead to complications, such as Reiter’s syndrome (reactive arthritis) and focal infection

Effect to Cause

Example: Global warming, the increase of Earth’s average surface temperature, is happening. One of its major causes is the buildup of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Those gases trap heat in the atmosphere, which keeps the Earth warm. However, burning fossil fuels like coal, oil, and natural gas produces more carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas, in the atmosphere. Thus, more heat is trapped in the atmosphere, and the Earth gets warmer than usual. Another major cause of the global warming is deforestation. When forests are burned, large amounts of carbon are released into the atmosphere. Likewise, when trees are cut down, much carbon dioxide from living things, some of which is absorbed by the trees, goes to the

Consecutive cause and effect

American women gained status during World War II. Many of them took over men’s jobs in factories and farms as men enlisted into the military. As a result, they learned new skills and experienced work outside of the home. Also, women were allowed to serve in the military following the bombing of Pearl Harbor, so they felt the pride of being in the military service. Lastly, because of the absence of men, women made decisions for themselves and their families.

Problem and Solution A problem-solution pattern divides information into two main sections, one that describes a problem and one that describes a solution.