Stadium Ppt 453fg

Wembley Stadium, London, UK

Wembley, London, UK Built: 2004 – 2006 Architect: Foster + Partners Co-Architects: Populous Structural Engineer: Mott MacDonald Contractor: Brookfield Multiplex

Wembley Stadium is the national stadium of England, and is able to seat 90,000.

Above the stadium is a 133 meter high arch that creates a 112 degree angle with the earth. The arch structurally s the entire northern roof, and 60% of the southern roof of Wembley Stadium, removing the need for columns. This results in an unobstructed view from every seat, and the ability to retract the southern roof. Early sketches of the arch:

The arch illuminating before sunrise

The arch is made up of 41 steel rings, each connected by 504 steel tubes .

This design was used to fabricate thirteen modules, each 20.5 meters in length, which were laid out and welded together on site

The ends of the arch are tapered, and attached to 70 ton hinges

10 months were needed to fabricate the 1,750 ton arch, and six weeks were needed to raise the arch into place.

The steel structure of Wembley Stadium

A section through Wembley Stadium:

The new Wembley Stadium opened to the public on 9 March 2007. The allseat stadium is owned by the Football Association (FA) and operated by its subsidiary Wembley National Stadium Ltd (WNSL). Construction of the new Wembley Stadium, which began in October 2002, was at times controversial. The aim of the project was to design and build a state-ofthe-art national stadium, unlike any other in the world, which would be the home of English football and to host large events such as Cup Finals, music events and athletics. The stadium, with a retractable roof and a 135m high arch, visible throughout London, stands as an association football venue in Wembley Park in London. With 90,000 seats it is the largest stadium to have every seat under cover.

The stadium is the home ground for international matches of the England national football team and the English domestic cup finals. The stadium hosted the FA Cup, Rugby League Challenge Cup, National Football League and FA Community Shield. The stadium also hosted the 2007 and 2008 Race of Champions. Apart from sporting events, the stadium also played host to music concerts of George Michael, Madonna, Coldplay, Mettalica,U2, Oasis and charity music shows including Concert for Diana and Live Earth.

Wembley stadium design and architecture

The design (50-year design life) of the new stadium is both functional and architecturally significant. Sir Norman Foster designed the arch and the roof structure, with the remainder of the stadium being designed by architects Foster and Partners and Populous (formerly known as HOK Sport). The stadium is designed like a bowl and its unique features include retractable roof s and the arch. These were developed in response to the particular requirements of the stadium, one of which was the need for a high-quality grass pitch in order to achieve UEFA five-star stadium status. By using retractable roof s, which retract to the south, it allows as much daylight and ventilation to reach pitch level as possible. The arch itself is not just a cosmetic feature; it s the north roof and a sizeable area of the south roof.

The Wembley arch and roof

The arch was designed to give the appearance of solidity without incurring the penalty of high wind loads. The arch has a lattice form consisting of 41 steel rings (diaphragms) connected by spiralling tubular chords and is formed of 13 modules with two tapering end sections. The arch (7.4m in diameter at the base and weighing 1,750t) tapers at its ends and is ed on 70t hinges which are in turn ed on concrete bases founded on piles 35m deep.

Inclined from the vertical, the arch is held in position by a series of forestay and backstay cables tied to the main stadium structure. The leading edge of the north roof is in turn suspended from the arch by the forestay cables. Cables from the arch are arranged in a diagonal pattern to help spread loads to control in-plane bending while also providing outof-plane restraint to resist buckling. The arch structure is 133m in height, with a span of 315m and is the longest single-span roof structure in the world.

The 50,000m² roof is essential to the operation of the stadium as a sporting and concert venue. Weighing some 7,000t, the roof has a number of retractable edge sections that can be manoeuvred to allow direct sunlight to reach all parts of the grass pitch (to allow the pitch to achieve top quality). If necessary (e.g. during inclement weather), the roof can be retracted in around 15 minutes to cover every seat inside. The arch at a 68° tilt from the horizontal s 5,000t of the roof structure. With its load-bearing capabilities, the arch allowed designers to eliminate the need for columns within the interior, which means that every stadium seat has an unobstructed view of the pitch.

"Sir Norman Foster designed the Wembley Stadium arch and the roof structure." The arch fulfils another function aside from ing the majority of the roof. It also provides a "beacon" for the stadium, illuminating the north-west London sky on match days. The designer's vision for the arch was a tube of light that would hover over the stadium at night creating an iconic statement.

To achieve this effect, 258 metal halide floodlights were mounted within the arch to illuminate the internal faces of the lattice and the structural rings that form its structure. Because the arch is lit from within, the outer faces remain dark and increase the dramatic effect by adding depth and contrast and giving the appearance that the light is trapped within the lattice structure. The arch also has an aircraft safety light at the top.

Constructing and raising the arch

Construction of the arch began in 2003; it was fabricated on-site using steel modules fabricated by steel subcontractor Cleveland Bridge. Cleveland Bridge left the project shortly after over some serious contractual difficulties with the main contractor Multiplex. The arch was lifted in four key stages in June 2004 and temporarily ed on five restraining cables. Structural engineers from the Mott Stadium Consortium worked closely with Multiplex and the newly appointed steelwork subcontractor Hollandia to transfer the load, in excess of 1,300t, to the permanent cable net and eyebrow catenary cable. The final positioning of the arch to 112° was completed at the end of 2005, with the arch being rotated to take up the full roof load.

Pitch laying

On 19 June 2006 the laying of the new Wembley turf was completed. The laying process took a week and required more than 10,000m² of turf to create the new playing surface. The turf arrived at the stadium in giant rolls measuring between 12m to 16m long and 1.2m wide, and was transported in 25 lorry loads. The fibre sand pitch is made up of an underlying web of heating and drainage pipes plus 22,161t of crushed stone, gravel, grit, sand and a blend of sand / soil and fibre. The grass used for the turf was selected from 250 different varieties with each square metre of turf containing 150,000 to 200,000 leaf blades. To maintain the world-class Wembley pitch the roof is left fully open between events to allow the turf to be exposed to direct sunlight and ventilation. The sub air system installed under the pitch has ducts that are able to supply warm air to the the pitch to heat it and the same system can also be used to remove excess moisture from the pitch if required.

Wembley Stadium features To understand the size of the project, the stadium encloses four million cubic metres within the walls and under the roof. The construction required 90,000m³ of concrete, 23,000t of steel and 35 miles of heavy-duty power cable. Four thousand separate piles were used to form the foundations, the deepest of which was sunk to 35m. The stadium roof rises 52m above the pitch and the circumference of the building is 1km. The roof structure covers 11 acres, four acres of which are movable. The 90,000-seat capacity makes it the second largest stadium in Europe next to the Nou Camp stadium in Barcelona with a capacity of 98,000.

"The Wembley arch was designed to give the appearance of solidity without incurring the penalty of high wind loads."

The seating is much more steeply banked than previously so that no seat will have a restricted view. Minimum seat depth will be 80cm, with a minimum width of 50cm and the seats have more legroom space. The seats are arranged in three tiers: lower 34,303, middle 16,532 and upper 39,165.

The stadium has the facility to be converted into an athletics venue by virtue of a removable steel and concrete platform which rises 6m above the football pitch (the new pitch is 4m lower than in the old Wembley stadium). Installing the running track decreases the capacity of the stadium to 68,000. The front row at each end is now between 8m to 13m from the touchline, compared with 40m in the old stadium. In addition there are 310 wheelchair spaces with attendant companion spaces, and increased capacity for other physically impaired spectators. There are 400 media seats, 2,618 toilets and four main banqueting halls, the largest of which can accommodate 2,000 people. The stadium incorporates an external concourse surrounding it which is able to cater food and drink for 40,000 spectators at one time.

Facilities

The stadium has 26 lifts, thirty sets of escalators and 164 turnstiles for the convenience of spectators. There are 34 bars, eight restaurants and 688 food and drink kiosks placed in and around the stadium. It also features 47 retail units including programmes, merchandise and betting. Seven cash machines are conveniently located around the stadium.