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Stick Diagrams
Stick Diagrams by
N.NagaRaju, Assistant Professor,
Dept of E&C Engg.,
IARE, Hyderabad.
1
Stick Diagrams
Stick Diagrams
N+
N+
2
Stick Diagrams
Stick Diagrams VDD
VDD
X
x
x
Stick Diagra m
x
X
x
X
X Gnd
Gnd 3
Stick Diagrams
Stick Diagrams VDD
VDD X
x
x
x
X
x
X
X Gnd
Gnd 4
Stick Diagrams
Stick Diagrams VLSI design aims to translate circuit concepts onto silicon. stick diagrams are a means of capturing topography and layer information using simple diagrams. Stick diagrams convey layer information through colour codes (or monochrome encoding). Acts as an interface between symbolic circuit and the actual layout. 5
Stick Diagrams
Stick Diagrams
Does show all components/vias. It shows relative placement of components. Goes one step closer to the layout Helps plan the layout and routing
A stick diagram is a cartoon of a layout. 6
Stick Diagrams
Stick Diagrams Does not show • • • •
Exact placement of components Transistor sizes Wire lengths, wire widths, tub boundaries. Any other low level details such as parasitics..
7
Stick Diagrams
Stick Diagrams – Notations Metal 1 poly ndiff
pdiff
Similarly for s, via, tub etc.. 8
Stick Diagrams
Stick Diagrams – Notations
NMOS ENCODING
9
Stick Diagrams
Stick Diagrams – Notations CMOS ENCODING
10
Stick Diagrams
Stick Diagrams – Some rules Rule 1. When two or more ‘sticks’ of the same type cross or touch each other that represents electrical .
11
Stick Diagrams
Stick Diagrams – Some rules Rule 2. When two or more ‘sticks’ of different type cross or touch each other there is no electrical . (If electrical is needed we have to show the connection explicitly).
12
Stick Diagrams
Stick Diagrams – Some rules Rule 3. When a poly crosses diffusion it represents a transistor.
Note: If a is shown then it is not a transistor.
13
Stick Diagrams
Stick Diagrams – Some rules Rule 4. In CMOS a demarcation line is drawn to avoid touching of p-diff with n-diff. All pMOS must lie on one side of the line and all nMOS will have to be on the other side.
14
STICK DIAGRAMS
Examples of Stick Diagrams VDD
VDD X
x
x
x
X
x
X
X Gnd
Gnd 15
Stick Diagrams
How to draw Stick Diagrams Stick Diagrams(NMOS): Basic Steps Normally, the first step is to draw two parallel metal (blue) VDD and GND rails. There should be enough space between them for other circuit elements. Next, Active (Green) paths must be drawn for required transistors. Do not forget to mark s as , wherever required. , Poly (Red) crosses Active (Green), where transistor is required. For depletion mode FET, draw required implants (yellow). Label each transistor with L/W ratio.
16
Stick Diagrams
How to draw Stick Diagrams Inverter Using MOSFET Enhancement-Mode MOSFETs act as switches. They are switched OFF, when the input to gate is low.
So, they can be used to pull the output down. Now, for pull-up, we can use a resistor. But resistors consume larger area. Another alternative is using MOSFET as pull-up. 17
Stick Diagrams
How to draw Stick Diagrams Inverter Using MOSFET
18
Stick Diagrams
How to draw Stick Diagrams Inverter Using MOSFET The pull-up MOSFET can be Enhancement-mode or Depletion mode. Enhancement-mode as pull-up: To use Enhancement-mode FET as active load, the gate should be connected to a separate gate bias voltage. Depletion mode as pull-up: Depletion-Mode FET has a channel with zero gate-bias. They will not turn-off until sufficient reverse bias is applied to its gate. To be used as a load, the gate should be connected to source. 19
Stick Diagrams
How to draw Stick Diagrams Aspect Ratio For Pull-up and Pulldown The aspect ratio of Pull-up and Pull-down is known as Inverter Ratio. When a we draw a stick diagram, inverter ratio should be mentioned for all the MOSFET. ZPU can also be called as (L/W)U and ZPD as (L/W) D. Therefore, if MOSFETs are connected in series, the effective L/W = (L/W)1+(L/W)2+…. if MOSFETs are connected in parallel, the effective L/W = (L/W)1= (L/W)2 20
Stick Diagrams
How to draw Stick Diagrams NMOS Inverter: Enhancement load (Circuit Diagram)
21
Stick Diagrams
How to draw Stick Diagrams NMOS Inverter: Enhancement load (Stick Diagram)
22
STICK DIAGRAMS
NMOS Inverter: Depletion load (Stick Diagram) * Note the depletion mode device
Vdd = 5V
Vout Vin
23
STICK DIAGRAMS
NMOS NAND and NOR NMOS NAND Two nmos in series. Gate delay and area increases with increase in no of inputs.
Length also increases with increase in no of input.
NMOS NAND is slower for same no of inputs and power dissipation.
NMOS NOR Two nmos in parallel. NOR works quite well for any no of inputs.
Width is proportional to number of inputs.
NMOS NOR is faster for same no of inputs and power dissipation. 24
STICK DIAGRAMS
Examples of Stick Diagrams
NOR gate and NAND using NMOS Transistors 25
STICK DIAGRAMS
Examples of Stick Diagrams
f= [(xy) +z]’ using NMOS Transistors 26
Stick Diagrams
How to draw Stick Diagrams Stick Diagrams(CMOS): Basic Steps Steps for CMOS are similar to NMOS. But one difference is that depletion mode FETs are not used. Here, yellow is used to identify PMOS. The two types of FET, n and p, are separated in the diagram by the demarcation line. This line represents the p-well. Above this line all p-type MOSFETs are there. Below this line n-type MOSFET are present.
27
Stick Diagrams
How to draw Stick Diagrams Stick Diagrams(CMOS): Rules Diffusion path must not cross demarcation line. N-diffusion and p-diffusion wires must not be ed. The n and p are generally ed using a metal wire. So, the first step is to draw two parallel rails for Vdd and GND. Next draw a demarcation line and place all p-type above and n-type below this line. Connect them using wires. Only metal and polysilicon can cross demarcation line.
28
Stick Diagrams
How to draw Stick Diagrams
29
STICK DIAGRAMS
Examples of Stick Diagrams
30
STICK DIAGRAMS
Examples of Stick Diagrams
31
STICK DIAGRAMS
Examples of Stick Diagrams
32
Stick Diagrams
Examples of Stick Diagrams Power
A
Out
C B Ground
33
Stick Diagrams
END of Stick Diagrams
34
Stick Diagrams by
N.NagaRaju, Assistant Professor,
Dept of E&C Engg.,
IARE, Hyderabad.
1
Stick Diagrams
Stick Diagrams
N+
N+
2
Stick Diagrams
Stick Diagrams VDD
VDD
X
x
x
Stick Diagra m
x
X
x
X
X Gnd
Gnd 3
Stick Diagrams
Stick Diagrams VDD
VDD X
x
x
x
X
x
X
X Gnd
Gnd 4
Stick Diagrams
Stick Diagrams VLSI design aims to translate circuit concepts onto silicon. stick diagrams are a means of capturing topography and layer information using simple diagrams. Stick diagrams convey layer information through colour codes (or monochrome encoding). Acts as an interface between symbolic circuit and the actual layout. 5
Stick Diagrams
Stick Diagrams
Does show all components/vias. It shows relative placement of components. Goes one step closer to the layout Helps plan the layout and routing
A stick diagram is a cartoon of a layout. 6
Stick Diagrams
Stick Diagrams Does not show • • • •
Exact placement of components Transistor sizes Wire lengths, wire widths, tub boundaries. Any other low level details such as parasitics..
7
Stick Diagrams
Stick Diagrams – Notations Metal 1 poly ndiff
pdiff
Similarly for s, via, tub etc.. 8
Stick Diagrams
Stick Diagrams – Notations
NMOS ENCODING
9
Stick Diagrams
Stick Diagrams – Notations CMOS ENCODING
10
Stick Diagrams
Stick Diagrams – Some rules Rule 1. When two or more ‘sticks’ of the same type cross or touch each other that represents electrical .
11
Stick Diagrams
Stick Diagrams – Some rules Rule 2. When two or more ‘sticks’ of different type cross or touch each other there is no electrical . (If electrical is needed we have to show the connection explicitly).
12
Stick Diagrams
Stick Diagrams – Some rules Rule 3. When a poly crosses diffusion it represents a transistor.
Note: If a is shown then it is not a transistor.
13
Stick Diagrams
Stick Diagrams – Some rules Rule 4. In CMOS a demarcation line is drawn to avoid touching of p-diff with n-diff. All pMOS must lie on one side of the line and all nMOS will have to be on the other side.
14
STICK DIAGRAMS
Examples of Stick Diagrams VDD
VDD X
x
x
x
X
x
X
X Gnd
Gnd 15
Stick Diagrams
How to draw Stick Diagrams Stick Diagrams(NMOS): Basic Steps Normally, the first step is to draw two parallel metal (blue) VDD and GND rails. There should be enough space between them for other circuit elements. Next, Active (Green) paths must be drawn for required transistors. Do not forget to mark s as , wherever required. , Poly (Red) crosses Active (Green), where transistor is required. For depletion mode FET, draw required implants (yellow). Label each transistor with L/W ratio.
16
Stick Diagrams
How to draw Stick Diagrams Inverter Using MOSFET Enhancement-Mode MOSFETs act as switches. They are switched OFF, when the input to gate is low.
So, they can be used to pull the output down. Now, for pull-up, we can use a resistor. But resistors consume larger area. Another alternative is using MOSFET as pull-up. 17
Stick Diagrams
How to draw Stick Diagrams Inverter Using MOSFET
18
Stick Diagrams
How to draw Stick Diagrams Inverter Using MOSFET The pull-up MOSFET can be Enhancement-mode or Depletion mode. Enhancement-mode as pull-up: To use Enhancement-mode FET as active load, the gate should be connected to a separate gate bias voltage. Depletion mode as pull-up: Depletion-Mode FET has a channel with zero gate-bias. They will not turn-off until sufficient reverse bias is applied to its gate. To be used as a load, the gate should be connected to source. 19
Stick Diagrams
How to draw Stick Diagrams Aspect Ratio For Pull-up and Pulldown The aspect ratio of Pull-up and Pull-down is known as Inverter Ratio. When a we draw a stick diagram, inverter ratio should be mentioned for all the MOSFET. ZPU can also be called as (L/W)U and ZPD as (L/W) D. Therefore, if MOSFETs are connected in series, the effective L/W = (L/W)1+(L/W)2+…. if MOSFETs are connected in parallel, the effective L/W = (L/W)1= (L/W)2 20
Stick Diagrams
How to draw Stick Diagrams NMOS Inverter: Enhancement load (Circuit Diagram)
21
Stick Diagrams
How to draw Stick Diagrams NMOS Inverter: Enhancement load (Stick Diagram)
22
STICK DIAGRAMS
NMOS Inverter: Depletion load (Stick Diagram) * Note the depletion mode device
Vdd = 5V
Vout Vin
23
STICK DIAGRAMS
NMOS NAND and NOR NMOS NAND Two nmos in series. Gate delay and area increases with increase in no of inputs.
Length also increases with increase in no of input.
NMOS NAND is slower for same no of inputs and power dissipation.
NMOS NOR Two nmos in parallel. NOR works quite well for any no of inputs.
Width is proportional to number of inputs.
NMOS NOR is faster for same no of inputs and power dissipation. 24
STICK DIAGRAMS
Examples of Stick Diagrams
NOR gate and NAND using NMOS Transistors 25
STICK DIAGRAMS
Examples of Stick Diagrams
f= [(xy) +z]’ using NMOS Transistors 26
Stick Diagrams
How to draw Stick Diagrams Stick Diagrams(CMOS): Basic Steps Steps for CMOS are similar to NMOS. But one difference is that depletion mode FETs are not used. Here, yellow is used to identify PMOS. The two types of FET, n and p, are separated in the diagram by the demarcation line. This line represents the p-well. Above this line all p-type MOSFETs are there. Below this line n-type MOSFET are present.
27
Stick Diagrams
How to draw Stick Diagrams Stick Diagrams(CMOS): Rules Diffusion path must not cross demarcation line. N-diffusion and p-diffusion wires must not be ed. The n and p are generally ed using a metal wire. So, the first step is to draw two parallel rails for Vdd and GND. Next draw a demarcation line and place all p-type above and n-type below this line. Connect them using wires. Only metal and polysilicon can cross demarcation line.
28
Stick Diagrams
How to draw Stick Diagrams
29
STICK DIAGRAMS
Examples of Stick Diagrams
30
STICK DIAGRAMS
Examples of Stick Diagrams
31
STICK DIAGRAMS
Examples of Stick Diagrams
32
Stick Diagrams
Examples of Stick Diagrams Power
A
Out
C B Ground
33
Stick Diagrams
END of Stick Diagrams
34
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