Torsion Test f4v2m
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Diploma in Civil Engineering [EC110] Semester Dec 2015-April 2016
UiTM Faculty of Civil Engineering
ECS258 - LAB REPORT (CO4: PO4)
LAB : LAB : NO. TITLE LEVEL OF OPENNESS : NO.
NO.
NAME
DATE :
GROUP STUDENT NO.
SIGNATURE
ASSESSMENT OF THE LAB ACTIVITIES ELEMENT TO ASSESS 1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
REMARK
STUDENT 2 3 4
INDIVIDUAL IN-LAB ACTIVITIES PUNCTUALITIY DISCIPLINE (DRESS CODE,SAFETY SHOES,SAFETY REGULATIONS) KNOWLEDGE ON OPEN ENDED LABORATORY GROUP IN-LAB ACTIVITIES LEADERSHIP SKILL COMMUNICATION ORGANISATION/TEAMWORK LAB REPORT INTRODUCTION BASIC CONCEPTS SUMMARY OF PROCEDURES/ METHODS ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA DISCUSSION OF RESULT CONCLUSION
LECTURER’S SIGNATURE:
THE REPORT MUST BE SUBMITTED 1 WEEK AFTER THE COMPLETION OF THE LAB.
5
Diploma in Civil Engineering [EC110] Semester Dec 2015-April 2016
1.0 OBJECTIVE To determine the relationship between the applied torque and the angle of twist and hence obtain the shear modulus.
2.0 THEORY In many situations, we need to design that will subject to rotating and twisting actions. Twisting moments about the longitudinal axis of a member are termed torque and torsion are found in many types of structures. Consider a solid circular rod of diameter ‘D’ and length ‘L’ is fixed at A and free at B. The rod is subjected to a twisting moment or torsion, T at the free end. This called pure torsion, since no bending or direct stress is involved. A gauge device attached by bolts gives the angle of twist on the rod as the torque is applied. The torque twist data is used to compute the shear strain and the stress on the rod. From the shear stress – shear strain relational curve, the shearing modulus of rigidity could be calculated, as well as the proportionality limit and the yield limit for each applied torques.
Diploma in Civil Engineering [EC110] Semester Dec 2015-April 2016
The torsion equation is T/J = τ max/R = Gθ/L…………………………………………… Eq 1 where T
= Torque of twisting moment (Nmm)
J
= Polar moment of inertia, (mm4) = ΠD4/32
τ max = Maximum shear stress (N/mm2) R
= Radius of the rod or shaft (mm)
G
= Shear modulus (N/mm2)
Θ
= Angle of twist (radians)
L
= Length of the rod (mm)
Diploma in Civil Engineering [EC110] Semester Dec 2015-April 2016
Take T/J = Gθ/L G = GJ/L x θ…………………………………………………. Eq 2
3.0 PROBLEM STATEMENT In many situations, we need to design that will subject to rotating and twisting actions. Twisting moments about the longitudinal axis of a member are termed torques and torsion are found in many types of structures. As a group you will be given a solid circular rod and the appropriate apparatus available in the laboratory to compute the shear modulus of a structural material such as steel, aluminium and etc.
4.0 APPARATUS
Figure 3.3: Torsion test apparatus
Diploma in Civil Engineering [EC110] Semester Dec 2015-April 2016
4.0 PROCEDURE 1. Measured the diameter of the rod with a vernier caliper and length with a scale of three readings. 2. Fixed rod between the fixed end and the head assembly with the clutch torque chuck jaws. 3. Established the deflection angle of the rod, that known as the gage length. 4. Used a clamp fixed in the end, turned chuck to fix the original position after the specimen was gripped at both ends and the mounting cost to be in place. 5. Set the vernier to zero on a scale of A and B. 6. Used the load (say 3N) to each hanger load and deflection angle of each vernier reading A and B. 7. Increased the load on each hanger in the corresponding measures and the corresponding note deflection angle of each vernier A and B at least for 5 times. 8. Scheduled an observation as shown. 9. Plotted a graph of torque 'T' on the y-axis and the angle of twist 'Ө' on the x-axis. Noted that the graph is a straight line through the origin (notice the error, if not to request correction). 10. The slope of the graph T / Ө yielding an average value. Replaced the T / Ө in equation 2 and calculated the value of 'G'.
11. Repeated the experiment with a rod of various materials. Calculated the 'G' of each material and tabulate the results.
Diploma in Civil Engineering [EC110] Semester Dec 2015-April 2016
5.0 DATA COLLECTIONS Material
:
Aluminium
Length of rod (mm)
:
90
Diameter of rod (mm)
:
5.7
4
Polar moment of inertia, J ( mm
) :
103.63
Level arm (mm)
:
26
Initial angle of twist (degree)
:
0
Shear Angle of twist Elastic Angle of twist Modulus experimental experimental θa x 2π/360 2 θa = θl - θf (kN/ mm (degrees) (radian) )
Load Cell, W (n)
Applied Torque (W x Level Arm)
Final Angle of twist , θf (degrees)
1
26
0.4
0.4
0.007
32.26
2
52
1.0
1.0
0.017
26.57
3
78
1.6
1.6
0.028
24.19
4
104
2.1
2.1
0.037
24.41
5
130
2.7
2.7
0.047
24.02
6
156
3.1
3.1
0.054
25.09
7
182
3.8
3.8
0.066
23.95
Diploma in Civil Engineering [EC110] Semester Dec 2015-April 2016
Material
:
Brass
Length of rod (mm)
:
95
Diameter of rod (mm)
:
5.8
4
Polar moment of inertia, J ( mm
) :
111.10
Level arm (mm)
:
26
Initial angle of twist (degree)
:
0
Shear Elastic Modulus
Angle of twist Angle of twist experimental experimental θa x 2π/360 θa = θl - θf mm2 (kN/ (degrees) (radian) )
Load Cell, W (n)
Applied Torque (W x Level Arm)
Final Angle of twist , θf (degrees)
1
26
0.9
0.9
0.016
14.16
2
52
1.8
1.8
0.031
14.16
3
78
2.8
2.8
0.049
13.70
4
104
3.8
3.8
0.066
13.47
5
130
4.6
4.6
0.078
14.25
6
156
5.4
5.4
0.094
14.19
7
182
6.3
6.3
0.110
14.15
Diploma in Civil Engineering [EC110] Semester Dec 2015-April 2016
Material
:
Steel
Length of rod (mm)
:
95
Diameter of rod (mm)
:
5.8
4
Polar moment of inertia, J ( mm
) :
111.10
Level arm (mm)
:
26
Initial angle of twist (degree)
:
0
Shear Elastic Modulus
Angle of twist Angle of twist experimental experimental θa x 2π/360 θa = θl - θf mm2 (kN/ (degrees) (radian) )
Load Cell, W (n)
Applied Torque (W x Level Arm)
Final Angle of twist , θf (degrees)
1
26
0.0
0.0
0.000
0.00
2
52
0.1
0.1
0.002
247.02
3
78
0.3
0.3
0.005
128.26
4
104
0.4
0.4
0.007
127.04
5
130
0.6
0.6
0.010
111.16
6
156
0.8
0.8
0.014
95.28
7
182
0.9
0.9
0.016
97.27
Diploma in Civil Engineering [EC110] Semester Dec 2015-April 2016
5.0 DISCUSSION Torsion test is used for testing brittle materials such as mild steel and brittle materials. Many products and components are subjected to torsional forces during their operation. Product such as biomedical catheter tubing, switches, fasteners and automotive steering columns are example a few of device subject to such torsional stresses. Modulus of a rigidity is a material stiffness properties. The torque is the product of tangential force multiplied by the radial distance from the angle of twist and the tangent. Abbreviated by G, also known as shear modulus, shear modulus of elasticity or torsional modulus. From the graph obtain, the angle of twist for brass is higher compare to other material which is aluminium and steel. The strain hardening for the steel is highest then the brass and aluminium as it is higher yield point but less in ductile.
6.0 CONCLUSION From the experiment, the shear elastic modulus G, obtain from the graph have difference increases in values. This is due of the value of applied torque even the length of specimen, polar moment of inertia are constant. The error that influenced in getting an accurate result as theoretical is the apparatus used are not functioning well as it was use more than one time.
7.0 REFERENCES 1. 2. 3. 4.
Testing of Polymers (ed J.V Schmitz) 1966 Volumes 1 and 2, Wiley Interscience. Timoshenko, S.P. and Gere, J.M. (1961) Theory of elastic stability, McGraw-Hill. Thompson, W.T. (1983) Theory of Vibrations with Applications, George Allen and Unwin. Ives, G.C., Mead, J.A. Riley M.M. (1971) Handbook of Plastics test methods, The Plastics Institute and Illfe Books.
Diploma in Civil Engineering [EC110] Semester Dec 2015-April 2016
UiTM Faculty of Civil Engineering
ECS258 - LAB REPORT (CO4: PO4)
LAB : LAB : NO. TITLE LEVEL OF OPENNESS : NO.
NO.
NAME
DATE :
GROUP STUDENT NO.
SIGNATURE
ASSESSMENT OF THE LAB ACTIVITIES ELEMENT TO ASSESS 1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
REMARK
STUDENT 2 3 4
INDIVIDUAL IN-LAB ACTIVITIES PUNCTUALITIY DISCIPLINE (DRESS CODE,SAFETY SHOES,SAFETY REGULATIONS) KNOWLEDGE ON OPEN ENDED LABORATORY GROUP IN-LAB ACTIVITIES LEADERSHIP SKILL COMMUNICATION ORGANISATION/TEAMWORK LAB REPORT INTRODUCTION BASIC CONCEPTS SUMMARY OF PROCEDURES/ METHODS ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA DISCUSSION OF RESULT CONCLUSION
LECTURER’S SIGNATURE:
THE REPORT MUST BE SUBMITTED 1 WEEK AFTER THE COMPLETION OF THE LAB.
5
Diploma in Civil Engineering [EC110] Semester Dec 2015-April 2016
1.0 OBJECTIVE To determine the relationship between the applied torque and the angle of twist and hence obtain the shear modulus.
2.0 THEORY In many situations, we need to design that will subject to rotating and twisting actions. Twisting moments about the longitudinal axis of a member are termed torque and torsion are found in many types of structures. Consider a solid circular rod of diameter ‘D’ and length ‘L’ is fixed at A and free at B. The rod is subjected to a twisting moment or torsion, T at the free end. This called pure torsion, since no bending or direct stress is involved. A gauge device attached by bolts gives the angle of twist on the rod as the torque is applied. The torque twist data is used to compute the shear strain and the stress on the rod. From the shear stress – shear strain relational curve, the shearing modulus of rigidity could be calculated, as well as the proportionality limit and the yield limit for each applied torques.
Diploma in Civil Engineering [EC110] Semester Dec 2015-April 2016
The torsion equation is T/J = τ max/R = Gθ/L…………………………………………… Eq 1 where T
= Torque of twisting moment (Nmm)
J
= Polar moment of inertia, (mm4) = ΠD4/32
τ max = Maximum shear stress (N/mm2) R
= Radius of the rod or shaft (mm)
G
= Shear modulus (N/mm2)
Θ
= Angle of twist (radians)
L
= Length of the rod (mm)
Diploma in Civil Engineering [EC110] Semester Dec 2015-April 2016
Take T/J = Gθ/L G = GJ/L x θ…………………………………………………. Eq 2
3.0 PROBLEM STATEMENT In many situations, we need to design that will subject to rotating and twisting actions. Twisting moments about the longitudinal axis of a member are termed torques and torsion are found in many types of structures. As a group you will be given a solid circular rod and the appropriate apparatus available in the laboratory to compute the shear modulus of a structural material such as steel, aluminium and etc.
4.0 APPARATUS
Figure 3.3: Torsion test apparatus
Diploma in Civil Engineering [EC110] Semester Dec 2015-April 2016
4.0 PROCEDURE 1. Measured the diameter of the rod with a vernier caliper and length with a scale of three readings. 2. Fixed rod between the fixed end and the head assembly with the clutch torque chuck jaws. 3. Established the deflection angle of the rod, that known as the gage length. 4. Used a clamp fixed in the end, turned chuck to fix the original position after the specimen was gripped at both ends and the mounting cost to be in place. 5. Set the vernier to zero on a scale of A and B. 6. Used the load (say 3N) to each hanger load and deflection angle of each vernier reading A and B. 7. Increased the load on each hanger in the corresponding measures and the corresponding note deflection angle of each vernier A and B at least for 5 times. 8. Scheduled an observation as shown. 9. Plotted a graph of torque 'T' on the y-axis and the angle of twist 'Ө' on the x-axis. Noted that the graph is a straight line through the origin (notice the error, if not to request correction). 10. The slope of the graph T / Ө yielding an average value. Replaced the T / Ө in equation 2 and calculated the value of 'G'.
11. Repeated the experiment with a rod of various materials. Calculated the 'G' of each material and tabulate the results.
Diploma in Civil Engineering [EC110] Semester Dec 2015-April 2016
5.0 DATA COLLECTIONS Material
:
Aluminium
Length of rod (mm)
:
90
Diameter of rod (mm)
:
5.7
4
Polar moment of inertia, J ( mm
) :
103.63
Level arm (mm)
:
26
Initial angle of twist (degree)
:
0
Shear Angle of twist Elastic Angle of twist Modulus experimental experimental θa x 2π/360 2 θa = θl - θf (kN/ mm (degrees) (radian) )
Load Cell, W (n)
Applied Torque (W x Level Arm)
Final Angle of twist , θf (degrees)
1
26
0.4
0.4
0.007
32.26
2
52
1.0
1.0
0.017
26.57
3
78
1.6
1.6
0.028
24.19
4
104
2.1
2.1
0.037
24.41
5
130
2.7
2.7
0.047
24.02
6
156
3.1
3.1
0.054
25.09
7
182
3.8
3.8
0.066
23.95
Diploma in Civil Engineering [EC110] Semester Dec 2015-April 2016
Material
:
Brass
Length of rod (mm)
:
95
Diameter of rod (mm)
:
5.8
4
Polar moment of inertia, J ( mm
) :
111.10
Level arm (mm)
:
26
Initial angle of twist (degree)
:
0
Shear Elastic Modulus
Angle of twist Angle of twist experimental experimental θa x 2π/360 θa = θl - θf mm2 (kN/ (degrees) (radian) )
Load Cell, W (n)
Applied Torque (W x Level Arm)
Final Angle of twist , θf (degrees)
1
26
0.9
0.9
0.016
14.16
2
52
1.8
1.8
0.031
14.16
3
78
2.8
2.8
0.049
13.70
4
104
3.8
3.8
0.066
13.47
5
130
4.6
4.6
0.078
14.25
6
156
5.4
5.4
0.094
14.19
7
182
6.3
6.3
0.110
14.15
Diploma in Civil Engineering [EC110] Semester Dec 2015-April 2016
Material
:
Steel
Length of rod (mm)
:
95
Diameter of rod (mm)
:
5.8
4
Polar moment of inertia, J ( mm
) :
111.10
Level arm (mm)
:
26
Initial angle of twist (degree)
:
0
Shear Elastic Modulus
Angle of twist Angle of twist experimental experimental θa x 2π/360 θa = θl - θf mm2 (kN/ (degrees) (radian) )
Load Cell, W (n)
Applied Torque (W x Level Arm)
Final Angle of twist , θf (degrees)
1
26
0.0
0.0
0.000
0.00
2
52
0.1
0.1
0.002
247.02
3
78
0.3
0.3
0.005
128.26
4
104
0.4
0.4
0.007
127.04
5
130
0.6
0.6
0.010
111.16
6
156
0.8
0.8
0.014
95.28
7
182
0.9
0.9
0.016
97.27
Diploma in Civil Engineering [EC110] Semester Dec 2015-April 2016
5.0 DISCUSSION Torsion test is used for testing brittle materials such as mild steel and brittle materials. Many products and components are subjected to torsional forces during their operation. Product such as biomedical catheter tubing, switches, fasteners and automotive steering columns are example a few of device subject to such torsional stresses. Modulus of a rigidity is a material stiffness properties. The torque is the product of tangential force multiplied by the radial distance from the angle of twist and the tangent. Abbreviated by G, also known as shear modulus, shear modulus of elasticity or torsional modulus. From the graph obtain, the angle of twist for brass is higher compare to other material which is aluminium and steel. The strain hardening for the steel is highest then the brass and aluminium as it is higher yield point but less in ductile.
6.0 CONCLUSION From the experiment, the shear elastic modulus G, obtain from the graph have difference increases in values. This is due of the value of applied torque even the length of specimen, polar moment of inertia are constant. The error that influenced in getting an accurate result as theoretical is the apparatus used are not functioning well as it was use more than one time.
7.0 REFERENCES 1. 2. 3. 4.
Testing of Polymers (ed J.V Schmitz) 1966 Volumes 1 and 2, Wiley Interscience. Timoshenko, S.P. and Gere, J.M. (1961) Theory of elastic stability, McGraw-Hill. Thompson, W.T. (1983) Theory of Vibrations with Applications, George Allen and Unwin. Ives, G.C., Mead, J.A. Riley M.M. (1971) Handbook of Plastics test methods, The Plastics Institute and Illfe Books.
Diploma in Civil Engineering [EC110] Semester Dec 2015-April 2016
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