Zac Bercy 301w4i

Politecnico di M ilano_Scuola di Architettura e Società Msc. Urban Planning and Polic y Design_Urban Design

Group # 07 Nesterova Anna_786031_Planning Shadurskaya Natalia_785988_Architecture Verdelli Matteo_786567_Planning

PAPER - FINAL COPY

Index Introduction Abstract

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General Info

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Project Info

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Planning Assumptions

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What is a Zac?

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Actors Involved

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Process

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General physical configuration

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Grid

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Zoning and Layers

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Public open spaces and landmarks

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Spaces, populations and paths

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Three main districts facing the park

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Single parts description

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3

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Medium Size Blocks - Front Park Housing District

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Large Size Blocks - Office District & Bercy Village

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Xtra Large Size Blocks - Palais Omnisport

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Open Space - Parc de Bercy

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Conclusion

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References

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INTRODUCTION

Abstract The research is aimed to find and investigate some of the most relevant aspects of urban transformation process based on the example of the project for ZAC Bercy in Paris by an architect J. P. Buffi. The case is interesting not only because of particular methods applied in the project, but also because of the way in which the work between different professionals was organized, and the outcome which has been received at the end. The research starts from global-scale analysis: general view on the process of development of the Zone (from XVI century to 1987 when ZAC Bercy was officially created till the end of the project realization in 2006), definition of main actors involved in this process and technical and economic data about the Zone. Gradually the research goes deeper trough the analysis of physical configuration of ZAC Bercy (compared in time) to the identification and definition of particular components of urban environment, such as functional zones, greening strategy, landmarks etc. The result of the research is the identification of how a project strategy proposed by the main architect of the project J. P. Buffi received its implementation in reality and with the age of time, which design solutions led to an outcome in accordance with the main concept of the project, and which produced the result partially or completely different from the planned one. The analysis of the case of ZAC Bercy is useful to understand some aspects of urban design process: which methods can be used for the project of urban redevelopment in different scales of implementation; which tools are more and which are less efficient in different situations; how the work of many different architects can be effectively organized to reach the desirable result and how the planned transformation can be implemented in reality.

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General Information: INTRODUCTION

CITY NAME: Paris DISTRICT: XII arrondissment | Bercy - Tolbiac (East Paris, along river Seine) PROJECT DATA: 1973 - 1978 REALIZATION DATA: 1988 – 1993 (Project officially closed in 2005) PLANNING TOOL: ZAC (Zone d’amenagement concertée) PROMOTERS: Municipality of Paris, APUR (Atelier Parisien d’Urbanisme), SEMAEST (Societè Economie Mixte Est de Paris), Private developers DESIGNERS (PLANNERS; ARCHITECTS): J.P. Buffi (Coordinator) + B. Huet; M. Macary; F. Gehry; R. Piano. COSTS & BENEFITES: 173 M€; 393M€ (2005)

Project Information: SITE DIMENSION: 510.000 mq PARK SURFACE: 120.500 mq BUILT SURFACES: 407.800 mq gus (gross usable surface) AREA RATIO: 0,8 mq/mq FUNCTIONS: _RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS: 1.500 flats (133.000 mq – ca. 88 mq/flat) (660 flat – 44% for social housing, 480 – 32 % intermediate housing, 360 real estate housing) _TERTIARY BUILDINGS: 3 hotels, 1 temporary housing facility (39.100 mq) – Offices (83.000 mq) - Bercy Village Shopping Mall and Quartier International du Vin et de l’Alimentaire (130.000 mq) _COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS: Multiplex Cinema Hall (11.717 mq) – Retail & General commercial activities (92.000mq); _SERVICES: 3.000 Parking lots, 12.500 mq park; 2 Kindergarden & 2 Nursery Schools (4.760mq); Recreative Center (420 mq); Bakery School (2.000 mq); American Center (today Museum of Cinema) (15.000 mq); Police Station (714 mq); Public Parking Building (300 car parking lots + 80 pullman parking lots); Underground Station (272 mq) POPULATION: ca. 3000

Planning Assumptions The planning process to transform Bercy started in the 50’s in which the area was invested by a strong svalutation because of a general delocalization strategy of productive sectors outside Paris. In the same time the City Council started to invest lots of money to strenghten the infrastructural system and transform some productive areas around Bercy in new residential and commercial neighbourhoods. In the 70’s the City Council started to reflect about the fate of Bercy in two planning documents: the Schema Secteur Seine Sud-Est of 1973 and the Schema Directeur d’Amenagement et d’Urbanisme of 1977. In these documents the City Council defined the strategic importance of the area, trying, without success, to link its transformation to the candidacy of Paris for the Universal Exposure of 1989 and the Olympic Games of 1992. In November 1983 the City Council approved the Plan Programme de l’Est de Paris, a strategic framework document for the eastern part of Paris, in which it was decided that Bercy should become a new neighbourhood charachterized by a big urban park with a residential part and an activity center dedicated to the food sector. On the 28th of September, 1987, the City Council created the ZAC defining the official perimeter of the transformation. With the institution of the ZAC started the period of consultation that ended in 1988 with the approval of PAZ, the

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INTRODUCTION

Development Document (written by J.P.Buffi) and the assignment of ZAC Management to SEMAEST. In the same year the ZAC was decleared of public utility and it was signed a contract between SEMAEST and the City Council effective till the 31th of December, 2005 (day in which ZAC Bercy officialy ended).

What is a ZAC? The Zac (Zone d’Aménagement Concerté) is a public-private planning tool made of the mature product of a pragmatic and transparent planning process, fully managed by the Municipality, through the implementation of democratic procedures involving the society, the mixed economy and an expanded number of designers. Most of the renovation projects in Paris during the last years of the ‘80s interess spaces once home to railroads, freight stations or industries. It is very difficult to find, within the municipal limits, virgin lands, so the new expansions since the ‘60s is located on unbuilt land, mostly owned by the SNCF (National Railway Company). In the late ‘70s, the objective of J.Chirac, mayor of Paris, is the redevelopment of all the depressed areas within the city limits: through the densification of the incomplete blocks, and through the building of new suburbs on land released from industrial plants or big infrastructure. The planning instrument used for the management of these areas is the ZAC. It is composed essentially of two phases: #01. The first phase consists of an official consultation with residents and neighborhood associations, managed by APUR (Atélier Parisienne d’Urbanisme) and by the DAU (Direction de l’Aménagement Urbaine), and leads to the PAZ (Plan d’Aménagement de Zone) which is made of a graphic document and a volumetric plan. #02. The second phase consists of the architectural study and the realization of the project. The APUR, after the analysis of the different proposals and elaborate a final project. The new districts are made of the application of new urban principles formulated by some emblematic figures of French architecture such as B. Huet and A. Grumbach; to whom we owe the idea of a city that grows on itself for permanent rehabilitation of the built heritage. RATP - Transport Company Paris National Government SNCF - National Railway Company Planning Documents & Urban Strategies

Actors involved

Paris City Council and Departments

Apur - Atelier Parisien d’urbanisme

Private Investors

Department for Parks and Gardens

Semaest - Societé Economie Mixte Est de Paris

ZEUS - Zone d’evolution urbaine de la Seine

Landscape Architects

Architect Coordinator J.P. Buffi

ZEUS Architect Team

Public architects - Office engineers Private Building Contractor

Public & Private Building Contractor

Private Building Contractor

Implementation Park Bercy

Residential Blocks

Commercial/Tertiary district

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INTRODUCTION

Process XVI cent_Realization of urban gardens XVIII_Realization of first buildings with vacation and wellness vocation for noble classes First XIX cent_Realization of first productive and commercial activities related to water transport system Last XIX cent_Rich activity of wine production, deposit and distribution over 43 ha 1860_XII arrondissment is linked with the city center through haussmann’s action, and al factories inside Bercy became municipal proprerties 1950_Strong svaluation of the land due to deindustrialization and new ways of production and distribution, Bercy became an industrail wasteland 1973_Schéma de Secteur Seine South-East 1973-1978_DAU & APUR elaborate different project to promote urban renewal in the sorroundings 1976_POS Plan Occupation du Sol de Paris (it endorse the indications of 1973) 1977_SDAU - Schéma directeur d’amenagément e d’urbanisme 1979_Building of Palais Omnisport 1981_Building of Finance Ministry 1983_PPE_Plan Programme de l’est de Paris 1984_Opening of Palais Omnisport 1987_Creation of ZAC Bercy 1988_ZAC Bercy is decleared of public utility; international contest for park project 1989_Contract between SEMAEST and other promoters and operators 1993_Completition of first residential front park buildings 1997_Opening of the first sector of the park 1998_New underground station line 14 inside the park 1999_Opening of UGC Cine Cité 2000_Opening of the first part of Bercy Village 2005_Closing procedures for ZAC; Opening of Cinematheque Française (ex American Center) 2006_Opening of Simone de Beauvoir foootbridge to link Park Bercy with with bibliotheque national on rive gauche.

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2009 satellite view of project (picture taken from Google Earth)

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GENERAL PHYSICAL CONFIGURATION

This chapter concern the general description of the project, viewed in his complex composition strategies and design. The aim of this part is to analyze the entire plot, identifying different elements composing the layers of the project and different districts that, interacting each other, determine the social practices and the physical connections.

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Grid

GENERAL PHYSICAL CONFIGURATION

The ZAC Bercy is a public/private project realized in Paris between 1989 and 2001. It is located in the eastern part of Paris, 3km far from the city center. Two main elements define the boundaries of the project: the complex railway system on the north and the river Seine on south.

City Scale Grid Contemporary city grid of Paris is a continuation of Baron Haussmann renovation of Paris in XIX century, where street blocks were designed as homogeneous architectural segments. The districts started at the center of Paris and then spiraled outward. The streets were widened for improved traffic flow and public health. Paris urban grid minimizes has clear hierarchy and creates a well-defined underlying structure.

1987

The old configuration Before an implementation of ZAC Bercy project territory had irregular geometrical form of the grid with parallel structure of roads at the right side and mixed on the left side. Bercy was an old productive settlements devoted to wine production, deposit and distribution. Its old stucture was made by a large number of warehouses.

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District Scale Grid On a district scale grid maintains its geometrical structure and hierarchy of the streets. The river and railway interrupts the grid, in some cases structure continues, in others it follows different form. At the origin ZAC Bercy and ZAC Rive Gauche were planned as one single project, but later the planning document was changed and now the have different from each other grids and spatial organization.

2005

The new configuration From 1989 on, Bercy started to be radically transform in it’s structure and functions. From a productive settlement open just to workers and their families it becames an integrated district devoted to housing, commerce and businnes activities. Today ZAC Bercy’s grid is a mix of orthogonal and geometrical forms. The core of a project is a park which is designed with an orthogonal grid which continues in residential part. Tertiary part keeps geometrical grid with parallel structure of roads that are not perpendicular to the main road.

Zoning and Layers The perimeter of the ZAC occupies an area of 51 ha and envisages new mixed use districts for housing, manufacturing, commercial, public services and businness centers.

It is a mixed-use project with attractive functions (big events facilities, commercial villages, huge offices centres) merge togheter with common functions (housing, schools, kindergarden, hotels, small ground floor shops). The functions are not mixed in hybrid buildings but are mainly distributed in functional districts with different dimensions and structures, as it’ll be described in next chapters.

Zoning System Residential Officies Commercial Hotels Services & Public Buldings Park Stations

GENERAL PHYSICAL CONFIGURATION

Commercial ground floor

The elements of the project could be split in four different layers: the public spaces, composed by walking paths and squares; the park, a large public surface central for the project; the buildings with different size and density; the infrastructures and the natural elements. The layers, except for the public spaces and the park, are mainly separated one with the others: the infrastructures and the natural elements design the external boundary of the project; the buildings are located along the northern, western and eastern perimenter; the park and the public spaces are located in the inner part, connecting the central part with the buildings and the external infrastructures.

1. Public spaces and paths The walking paths design a complex system of vertical and horizontal routes, connecting the park with the blocks.

2. The park The park is the central element of the project. It fills an area of 12,5 ha and his project was finished before the completion of the buildings.

3. The buildings The buildings are located around the park in different functional districts. Each district interact in a different way with the central park.

4. The infrastructures & the natural elements The railway yards on the north define a clear physical boundary for the project. The river Seine on south, through a footbridge and bridges, connects the ZAC Bercy with the ZAC Rive Gauche on the opposite riverside.

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Public open spaces & Landmarks

GENERAL PHYSICAL CONFIGURATION

As written before, the park is the main public space located in the ZAC perimeter. In order to find other spaces able to gather social practices we focus on analyzing landmarks and squares as elements able respectively to attract the view and orient it and to stop the walking activity promoting different interactions. Landmark

What forces people to go forward external point of reference that helps orienting in a familiar or unfamiliar environment. They are simply defined phisical objects of different scale and contrast to the background. Landmarks give identity to the area and make it more familiar.

Public open spaces

What forces people to stop fundamentally a created closure and usually bounded by architectural walls and function as major gathering places for social activities. Open spaces have the power to influence the imageability and habitability of the district. Located along the pedestrian paths or streets with solid facades it facilitates individuals to stop and interact with the others.

National Library Francois Mitterrand

Hotel IBIS

Place des Vins de

Place Leonadr Bernstein

Church

Novotel Hotel

Hotel IBIS

National Library Francois Mitterrand

Novotel Hotel

Pedestrian bridge Park de Bercy

Place du Palais omnisport de Paris Bercy Church

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Place du Bataillon du Pacifique

Spaces, Populations and Paths We are interested in trying to understand how the physical configuration affect daylife practices of the population. We identify three categories of people (workers, inhabitants, tourists/occasional visitors) and for each one we are trying to draw which are the buildings that each population use and which the public spaces involved and paths to reach those buildings, using both private and public vehicles.

GENERAL PHYSICAL CONFIGURATION

Daily Workers The workers go mainly to the businness district located in the eastern part. They can go out and in using both public and private transport, but they probably don’t perceive the public spaces as places to stop but just to through. The park is not an important places for them, more important is probably the square inside the tertiary district.

Inhabitants The inhabitants deals mainly with the northern part of the district, full or residential and local scale commercial functions. The park is an important resource for them.

Tourists/Occasional Visitors The tourist enters in the nieghbourhood using mainly public transport system (underground and railway station). The buildings involved in their activities are the hotels, museums and the commercial and exhibition center of Bercy Village.

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Three main districts facing the park The park is the main element of the project: it occupies a large part of the area (12,5 ha) in a central position facing the housing district on the north, the commercial and businness district on east and the Palais Omnisport on west.

GENERAL PHYSICAL CONFIGURATION

The park is the vital center and the districts are designed around it in different ways: - The housing district is located in the northern part of the project. It is composed by medium size blocks directly facing the park. The ground floor is mainly inhabited by small commercial units and local services (schools, kindergardens etc.). - The eastern part is composed by Bercy Village and Office Buildings. It is composed by large size blocks in part recovered from the old wine deposit, in part planned for new. - The Palais Omnisport is located in the western part, near the public transport station of the underground and it is directly linked with the park. It is a centrality for the city, a mega-function that host events attracting people and visitors all over the city.

Diagrams

Block’s name

M - Medium Size Blocks High density blocks (7 to 8 floors) with a percetage of covered surface up to 60%. Completely planned for new.

L - Large Size Blocks Some buildings are inherited from the old warehouses (9 to 12 meter high, mainly horizontal developed), some others are planned for new (7 to 8 floors, compact buildings).

Measurements

Uses

50m 85m

Housing Museum Services

150m

Hotels

Offices

Shops

70m

XL - Xtra Large Size Block A singular huge building hosting the Palais Omnisport. The building is settled on three levels of height (pedestrian platform; main fabric; green roof).

Sport

Events

230m

180m Open Space - Park Bercy A huge surface with very small buildings inherited and restored from the past settlement. The park has different features and elements inside.

Educational Health activities activities

Relax

170m

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700m

SINGLE PARTS DESCRIPTION

This part will focus on analysing and describing how the single districts identified in the previous chapter works. As the previous part, the text will present some diagrams and scheme to show the interconnections between the parts, the composition of the single blocks and focus on some architectonic features of the buildings that give coherence to the entire project.

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Medium size blocks - Front park housing district The organization of the park front is based on four objects: going beyond the concept of frontality, expressig the lines of force of the site and the quarter, intregrating rules of depth, transparency, views and exchange, and ensuring the coherence of interventions on the park front. The architect coordinator, J.P. Buffi reintepretate the idea of the open block creating coherence between the facades, the landmarks and the park surface. The traditional closed block of the historical city

1. Liveable roofs 2. Landmarks on the top of pavillons 3. Same materials for connections

Free standing building of the Modern Movement

4. Same materials for the facades

The open block designed by J.P. Buffi in Paris - Bercy

Connections and relation with other blocks Car street, with continous front and commercial first floor

SINGLE PARTS DESCRIPTION

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2. The Frame The side buildings are ed along Rue de Pommard in order to build an architectonic frame for each block. 3. The Pavillons The pavillons are stand-alone buildings, lower than the side buildings. They partly closed the blocks creating different open spaces. 4. The Connections They are composed by a mezzanine and two terraces, in order to build a semi-continous facade in front of the park.

Semi - Public

1. The Dividers The side buildings becomes vertical links between the existing blocks and the park.

Public Private Semi - Private

Public

12m 3,5m 5m 3,5m

Semi - Public

Pedestrain street, with green connections between the park and the spaces inside the block. The green corridors The distance between the dividers it’s just 12m, and just 5m it’s the space for the pedestrian street. 7 m of green spaces creates green corridors coming from the park and going to the main street. This configuration creates different kind of spaces: public (the street, the park), semi-public (the green corridors), semi-private (the gardens inside the blocks) and private (the space inside the buildings).

J.P. Buffi Coordinator of Architects

Single Architects

_ Design the block composition _ Design the common architectonic rules for the single block

Buffi decides to attribute to the single architect not the project of an entire block, but the project of a plot composed by buildings facing along a street or a courtyard in order to obtain a better configuration of the public spaces. The grid of buildings is orthogonal with horizontal dominatantion. This structure can be identified in all parts of the buildings: form, construction structure, facedes, terraces. This is a direct effect of the rules imposed by the main architect of the project J.P.Buffi. This grid gives to the building a sense of urban unity even if they are made by different architects.

The grid maintains its orthogonal structure not only in the bi-dimensional space (length and width) but overlapping the grid of the district (park and blocks) with the grid of the buildings we obtain a three-dimensional grid (length, width, and depth). This effect creates a sense of homogenity in the visual perception of the districts, in particular in the park front.

SINGLE PARTS DESCRIPTION

Medium size blocks - American Center and Novo Hotel American Center (F.O. Gehry) The non-housing functions are strategicaly located near the public transport stations in order to make them interact with occasional visitors and tourist.

Novo Hotel

Their localization permit to create pedestrian spaces along the facades, in order to ensure a link with the park and the complex walking path system.

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Large size blocks - Office district & Bercy Village The organization of the commercial districts is based on four main plots, two of them are an heritage of the old wine productive settlement, now organized as an exhibition and a commercial center. The rest are new buildings that host hotels, offices and a conference center. The whole structure is organized around a focal point, the square, to which the single plots are connected. Existing Buildings & Grid The architects and planners decides to keep for the new district the same basic grid of the old structures for the wine production.

Demolitions Some buildings where demolished, some others were preserved and re-adapt in order to host new functions (commercial and tertiary).

New Buildings In place of demolished buildings, there were built new moder buildings mainly organized in order to form a continuos front on east and south.

SINGLE PARTS DESCRIPTION

New plots and the park The new and old buildings are organized in four new plots, the western one directly facing the park Bercy.

New configuration The new configuration of the commercial district is design to be in some way self-looking (all the buildins are orientated in order to face themselves), even if the connections with the park are stimulated inside Bercy Village. Connections The districts is composed by semiclosed blocks, with connections and paths inside in order to be permeable and connected among themselves and with the park.

Focal points and squares Each plot identifies some open spaces inside itself, but at the same time the hole structure is mainly organized around the central square.

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Bercy Village

Hotel & Offices ZEUS Office Building

Central Square The central square is composed by five buildings facing it, some green areas with trees along the streets and a starway that connects directly the buildings on the east with the square.

Extra Large size blocks - Palais Omnisport Palais Omnisports de Paris-Bercy initially is not a part of the ZAC Bercy Project but it is a sagnificant element of the area and is strongly connected with the Bercy park. It was opened in 1984, designed by a team of architects: Andrault-Parat, Prouvé and Guvan, it can be can be easily recognized by its pyramidal shape and its walls covered with sloping lawn.

The shape result from the function The shape of the plan is a consequence of the function - typical allocation of the stadiums stands. On the contrary - the ‘above ground’ volume is the result of the aim to integrate organically the huge (XL) structure of the Palais into the park. Green roof Green sloped walls Basement plan

SINGLE PARTS DESCRIPTION

Organical green integration When in 1986 the ZAC Bercy is not implemented yet, the architects planned the Palais as an organic element provinding possible physical connections with the future park and visual green merging between the park surface and the built prospect.

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Open Space - Parc de Bercy Parc de Bercy is a group of three connected gardens designed by architects Bernard Huet, Madeleine Ferrand, Jean-Pierre Feugas, Bernard Leroy, and by landscapers Ian Le Caisne and Philippe Raguin between 1993 and 1997: The “Romantic Garden”, which includes fishponds and dunes; The “Flowerbeds”, dedicated to plant life; “The Meadows”, an area of open lawns shaded by tall trees. Some remains of the wine warehouses can still be seen in the park.

Baffles Fronts of the park phisically screening it from the surroundings.

Buildings Quay Wall Dividers Separate the park area phisically in parts

Buildings Quay Wall

public perception

SINGLE PARTS DESCRIPTION

Entrances privat perception Directions from which residents and visitors can enter the park.

public perception privat perception

Section

Park is visible Park is not visible

The initial intention was to have a large public part. What happened in reality? The park is surrounded by built environment which isolates it from the vision of the public. It is divided in parts with fences, that makes it to be percieved as private and hard to get in. The park does not have connection with the river due to the presence of the quay wall which serves to separate park from the traffic of the embankment.

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The heritage of the wine deposit settlement The park is designed starting from traces inherit from old wine deposit. Even if the most of the buildings have been demolished, four of them have been renovated and are actually hosting some recreational activities.

The regular grid The architects conceived a regular hortogonal grid to be overlapped to the previous traces. The vertical paths connect the housing district on the north with the ZAC River Gauche on the other side of the Seine; the horizontal paths connect the Palais Omnisport on west with the Bercy Village on the right. The mixed grid result The result of the overlapping is a complex grid that allow the final project to communicate both with the past and the present practices. _ The main hortogonal grid connect the park with the polarities of the sorrounding. _ The secondary hortogonal grid connect the different part inside the park with the housing district. _ The old traces allow different activities and connect the old buildings.

1

2

Palais Omnisport

SINGLE PARTS DESCRIPTION

4

3

Four different parts inside the park The architects compose the park conceiving four different parts: 1. The part near the Palais Omnisport is called “les Prairies”, the meadows. It is composed by large areas of lawns shaded by large trees. 2. The second part is called “les Parterres”, a garden devoted to plants care and educational activities. In this part are still present some old buildings of the wine deposit. 3. The garden near the Bercy Village is called “Jardin Romantique”. It is designed as a romantic garden, with different levels of heights, dunes, ponds, water basins 4. The southern part is conceived as an higher hill arrange with some bands of trees to preserve the park from the impact of the high traffic road.

Bercy Village

National Library

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CONCLUSION

After deep analysis of the whole process of development of ZAC Bercy, now it is possible to say that the project by J. P. Buffi and its implementation were generally successful. It became an example of good collaboration between many professionals from different spheres, mainly – between urban planners, architects and policy makers. The project effectively and efficiently solved most of the tasks and challenges of the area set at the beginning of the process: - The condition of urban (visual, functional and sensual) unity and identity was reached, thanks to correctly chosen tools and methods, generally by the main architect and coordinator of project J. P. Buffi, but also by other single architects, as well. - The area became attractive both for permanent s (inhabitants, daily workers etc.) and tourists. - Wide qualitative range of open spaces was created: public, semi-public, semi-private, private, transit etc. which provides a possibility to use the space according to different needs of people - The project boasts the participation by renowned architects. However, beside the evident benefits which the project brought, it left (or even created) some drawbacks. The initial intention to create a large public park was reached not completely because of physical and visual isolation of the park from the outer space and hardened accessibility that can make it perceived as private space instead of public one. Taken together, results of the research suggest that even though not everything was completely envisaged by the author of project J. P. Buffi and his collaborators, the outcome is definitely positive. Zone has got an added value guaranteed by the sum of all aforementioned items.

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REFERENCES Case Study Bibliography _Ayers, A. (2004). The Architecture of Paris: an Architectural Guide. (pp. 189-200) London: Axel Menges. [Language] English _Buffi, J. P. (1994). Bercy-Front de Parc. In Chapel, E. (ed.), Jean Pierre Buffi: projets et réalisations. (pp. 110-115), Paris: Moniteur. [Language] French _Buffi, J. P. (1996). Bercy: il rapporto pubblico-privato nell’ultima generazione delle Zac. In La Greca P. (ed.) , Interventi nella città consolidata: casi si e italiani a confronto. (pp. 71-77), Roma: Gangemi. [Language] ItaliaN _Burrascano, M. (2008). I frammenti della città europea: città architettura progetto. (pp. 69 -79), Firenze: Allinea. [Language] Italian _Bedarida, M. (1994). La memoria in gioco - Memory in action. Lotus, 84, 66 – 86. [Language] Italian / English _Calzolaretti, M. (1995). Il progetto urbano come progetto globale: la Zac di Bercy. Controspazio, 6, 14 – 21. [Language] Italian / English _Croset, P.A. et Milesi, S. (1994). A Bercy e Villejuif: due quartieri parigini a confronto. Casabella, 617, 26 – 39. [Language] Italian / English _Di Martino, V. (2008). Zac Bercy Front du Parc: un lungo ed efficace processo di riqualificazione urbana. Territorio, 47, 130 – 138. [Language] Italian _Stanghellini, S. (1991). Il riuso delle aree produttive dismesse in Francia. Paesaggio Urbano, 8, 32 – 47. [Language] Italian _Yeh, C., (1999, August). Urban design as a cultural expression : the emergence of new practices in the Paris Region since the 1960s. Oxford Brookes University, Department of Planning. doi: http://aesop2005.scix.net/data/papers/ att/199.fullTextPrint.pdf [Language] English Topics Bibliography _Barnet, J., (2011), City Design: modernist, traditional, green and system perspectives, p. , New York: Taylor and Francis. [Language] English _Byrne, J., Sipe, N., (2010, March). Green and open space planning for urban consolidation – A review of the literature and best practice. Griffith University : Urban Research Program. [Language] English _Krier, L. (1992). The reconstruction of the European city. 1978 – 1984, Urban Components. In Krier, L., Porphyrios, D., Economakis, R., & Watkin, D., (1992), p. 16 - 29, Leon Krier: Architecture & Urban Design, 1967 – 1992, London : Academy Editions. [Language] English _Madanipour, A., (1996), Design of Urban Space: an inquiry into a socio – spatial process, Chichester : Wiley. [Language] English _Mangin, D. & Panerai, P. (1999). Projet Urbain, Marseille: Parenthèses. [Language] French _Panerai, P., Casterx, J., Depaule, J., Samuels, I., (2004), Urban forms : the death and the life of the urban block, p. , Oxford: Architectural Press. [Language] English _Roberts, M., Greed, C. (2001), Approaching urban design: The design process, Harlow : Longman. [Language] English

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ZAC BERCY - PARIS URBAN DESIGN - 2012/2013 Nesterova - Shadursk aya - Verdelli